Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.9-25 How and why do racial and ethnic groups differ in mental ability scores?
1.9-24 How and why do the genders differ in mental ability scores?
1.9-23 What does evidence reveal about environmental infl uences on intelligence?
1.9-22 What evidence points to a genetic infl uence on intelligence, and what is heritability?
1.• What psychological principle helps explain why women tend to perform more poorly when they believe their online chess opponent is male?
1.• What is the difference between a test that is biased culturally and a test that is biased in terms of its validity?
1.• The heritability of intelligence scores will be greater in a society marked by equal opportunity than in a society of peasants and aristocrats. Why?
1.• A check on your understanding of heritability: If environments become more equal, the heritability of intelligence willa. increase.b. decrease.c. be unchanged.
1.9. Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for the fact that more intelligent people tend to live longer, healthier lives?a. Intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, and a
1.8. Use the concepts of crystallized and fl uid intelligence to explain why writers tend to produce their most creative work later in life, and scientists may hit their peak much earlier.
1.7. The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results—on retesting, for example. In other words, these tests have
1.6. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell usa. what part of an individual’s intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance.b. whether the test-taker will succeed in
1.5. The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would bea. 67.c. 86.b. 133.d. 150.
1.4. Emotionally intelligent people tend toa. seek immediate gratifi cation.b. understand their own emotions but not those of others.c. understand others’ emotions but not their own.d. succeed in
1.3. Sternberg’s three types of intelligence are __________________,_________________ , and ____________________.
1.2. The existence of savant syndrome seems to supporta. Sternberg’s distinction among three types of intelligence.b. criticism of multiple intelligence theories.c. Gardner’s theory of multiple
1.1. Charles Spearman suggested we have one _____________ _______________ underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.
1.9-21 What are the traits of those at the low and high intelligence extremes?
1.9-20 How stable are intelligence scores over the life span?
1.9-19 How does aging affect crystallized and fl uid intelligence?
1.9-18 What is a normal curve, and what does it mean to say that a test has been standardized and is reliable and valid?
1.9-17 When and why were intelligence tests created, and how do today’s tests differ from early intelligence tests?
1.9-16 What is an intelligence test, and what is the difference between achievement and aptitude tests?
1.9-15 What are the four components of emotional intelligence?
1.9-14 How do Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of multiple intelligences differ, and what criticisms have they faced?
1.9-13 How do psychologists defi ne intelligence, and what are the arguments for g?
1.• Why do psychologists NOT diagnose an intellectual disability based solely on a person’s intelligence test score?
1.• Researcher A is well funded to learn about how intelligence changes over the life span.Researcher B wants to study the intelligence of people who are now at various life stages.Which researcher
1.• Correlation coefficients were used in this section. Here’s a quick review: Correlations do not indicate cause-effect, but they do tell us whether two things are associated in some way. A
1.• What are the three criteria that a psychological test must meet in order to be widely accepted? Explain.
1.• An employer with a pool of applicants for a single available position is interested in testing each applicant’s potential. To help her decide whom she should hire, she should use an
1.• What is the IQ of a 4-year-old with a mental age of 5?
1.• What did Binet hope to achieve by establishing a child’s mental age?
1.• How does the existence of savant syndrome support Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
1.5. Most researchers agree that apes cana. communicate through symbols.b. reproduce most human speech sounds.c. master language in adulthood.d. surpass a human 3-year-old in language skills.
1.4. According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n)____________ ______________.
1.3. When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as ___________ ___________.
1.2. The three basic building blocks of language are ______________,_____________ , and _____________.
1.1. Children reach the one-word stage of speech development at abouta. 4 months.b. 6 months.c. 1 year.d. 2 years.
1.9-12 What is the relationship between thinking and language, and what is the value of thinking in images?
1.9-11 What do we know about other animals’ capacity for language?
1.9-10 What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
1.9-9 What are the milestones in language development, and how do we acquire language?
1.9-8 What are the structural components of a language?
1.• What is mental practice, and how can it help you to prepare for an upcoming event?
1.• Benjamin Lee Whorf’s controversial hypothesis, called ____________ ___________, suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.
1.• If your dog barks at a stranger at the front door, does this qualify as language? What if the dog yips in a telltale way to let you know she needs to go out?
1.• _____________ ____________is the part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. Damage to ____________ ____________ might impair your ability to understand
1.• Why is it so difficult to learn a new language in adulthood?
1.• What was the premise of researcher Noam Chomsky’s work in language development?
1.• What is the difference between receptive and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development?
1.7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?a. Expertiseb. Extrinsic motivationc. A venturesome personalityd. Imaginative thinking skills
1.6. When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75 percent lean” than to the same product labeled “25 percent fat,” they have been infl uenced by ________________.
1.5. Widely reported terrorist attacks, such as on 9/11 in the United States, led some observers to initially assume in 2014 that the missing Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 was probably also the work
1.4. A major obstacle to problem solving is fi xation, which is a(n)a. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories.b. tendency to wait for insight to occur.c. inability to view a problem from a
1.3. Oscar describes his political beliefs as “strongly liberal,”but he has decided to explore opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confi rmation bias and belief perseverance in this
1.2. The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) ____________.
1.1. A mental grouping of similar things is called a ___________.
1.9-7 What do we know about thinking in other animals?
1.9-6 What is creativity, and what fosters it?
1.9-5 How do smart thinkers use intuition?
1.9-4 What factors contribute to our fear of unlikely events?
1.9-3 What is intuition, and how can the availability heuristic, overconfi dence, belief perseverance, and framing infl uence our decisions and judgments?
1.9-2 What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it?
1.9-1 What is cognition, and what are the functions of concepts?
1.• Match the process or strategy listed below (1–10) with the description (a–j).1. Algorithm 5. Fixation 8. Creativity 2. Intuition 6. Confirmation bias 9. Framing 3. Insight 7. Overconfidence
1.• Why can news be described as “something that hardly ever happens”? How does knowing this help us assess our fears?
1.10. Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with each other about which of the following statements?a. Memories of events that happened before age 3 are not
1.9. Children can be accurate eyewitnesses ifa. interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.b. a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.c. the children have
1.8. When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing _________________ _______________.
1.7. We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _______________ ______________.
1.6. Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the
1.5. One reason false memories form is our tendency to fi ll in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example ofa.
1.3. The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes _____________ interference.
1.1. When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred froma. the environment into sensory memory.b. sensory memory into long-term memory.c. long-term memory into
1.8-16 How do misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia infl uence our memory construction? How do we decide whether a memory is real or false?
1.8-15 Why do we forget?
1.• Which memory strategies can help you study smarter and retain more information?
1.6. When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the fi rst and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to
1.4. Specifi c odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of _____________ ______________ .
1.2. Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an ______________
1.1. The hippocampus seems to function as aa. temporary processing site for explicit memories.b. temporary processing site for implicit memories.c. permanent storage area for emotion-based
1.8-14 How do external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance infl uence memory retrieval?
1.8-12 How do emotions affect our memory processing?
1.8-10 What are the roles of the frontal lobes and hippocampus in memory processing?
1.8-9 What is the capacity of long-term memory? Are our longterm memories processed and stored in specifi c locations?
1.• When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ______________ _______________effect.
1.• What is priming?
1.• The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain’s memorycircuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation. It is called ________________ - ______________
1.• Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
1.• Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything you tell him during a conversation. What’s going on here?
1.• Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?
1.6. Memory aids that use visual imagery (such as peg words)or other organizational devices (such as acronyms) are called ________________.
1.5. Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______________ items.
1.4. Sensory memory may be visual (__________________ memory)or auditory (_________________ memory).
1.3. The concept of working memorya. clarifi es the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.b. splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory
1.2. The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ________________, ________________, and ________________.
1.1. A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _____________.
1.8-2 How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
1.• If you try to make the material you are learning personally meaningful, are you processing at a shallow or a deep level? Which level leads to greater retention?

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