Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.8. To reduce users’ frustration and to avoid accidents, human factors psychologists help organizations avoid the curse of knowledge, which is the tendency fora. a little bit of knowledge to be
1.7. Effective managers often exhibita. only task leadership.b. only social leadership.c. both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person.d. task leadership for building
1.6. Research indicates that women are more likely than men to have a _______________ leadership style.
1.5. What type of goals will best help you stay focused and motivated to do your best work in this class?
1.4. In your job, you rate your own performance, your manager’s, and your peers’. Your manager, your peers, and your customers also rate your performance. Your organization is using a form of
1.3. A personnel psychologist scripted a set of questions to ask all applicants for a job opening. She then trained the fi rm’s interviewers to ask only these questions, to take notes, and to rate
1.2. _____________psychologists study the recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of employees;__________________ ____________________ psychologists focus on how
1.1. People who view their work as a calling often experience ________________, a focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of themselves and of time.a. stressb. apathyc. fl owd.
1.B-5 How do human factors psychologists work to create userfriendly machines and work settings?
1.B-4 What are some effective leadership techniques?
1.B-3 What is the role of organizational psychologists?
1.B-2 How do personnel psychologists help with job seeking, employee selection, work placement, and performance appraisal?
1.B-1 What is fl ow, and what are the key subfi elds related to industrial-organizational psychology?
1.• Name two main divisions of industrial-organizational psychology, and a related field.
1.• What characteristics are important for transformational leaders?
1.• A human resources director explains to you that “I don’t bother with tests or references. It’s all about the interview.” Based on I/O research, what concerns does this raise?
1.• What is the value of finding flow in our work?
1.9. When sample averages are________________ and the difference between them is_________________ , we can say the difference has statistical signifi cance.a. reliable; largeb. reliable; smallc. due
1.8. In _________________ - _______________studies, a characteristic is assessed across different age groups at the same time.
1.7. What is regression toward the mean, and how can it infl uence our interpretation of events?
1.6. A_______________ provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.
1.5. If a study revealed that tall people were less intelligent than short people, this would suggest that the correlation between height and intelligence is ____________(positive/negative).
1.4. In a _____________ correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a(n) correlation, one score falls and the other rises.a. positive; negativec. negative; inverseb. positive; illusoryd.
1.3. Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer scores fall at each extreme, is a __________________ _________________.
1.2. The standard deviation is the most useful measure of variation in a set of data because it tells usa. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the set.b. the extent to which the
1.1. Which of the three measures of central tendency is most easily distorted by a few very large or very small scores?a. The modeb. The meanc. The mediand. They are all equally vulnerable to
1.A-5 What are cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies, and why is it important to know which method was used?
1.A-4 How do we know whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations?
1.A-3 What is regression toward the mean?
1.A-2 What does it mean when we say two things are correlated?
1.A-1 How do we describe data using three measures of central tendency, and what is the relative usefulness of the two measures of variation?
1.• _______________statistics summarize data, while _______________ statistics determine if data can be generalized to other populations.
1.• Can you solve this puzzle?The registrar’s office at the University of Michigan has found that usually about 100 students in Arts and Sciences have perfect marks at the end of their first term
1.• You hear the school basketball coach telling her friend that she rescued her team’s winning streak by yelling at the players after they played an unusually bad first half. What is another
1.• The average of a distribution of scores is the __________ . The score that shows up most often is the _______________. The score right in the middle of a distribution (half the scores above it;
1.• An American truck manufacturer offered graph (a)—with actual brand names included—to suggest the much greater durability of its trucks.What does graph (b) make clear about the varying
1.5. An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is calleda. deep brain stimulation.b. the mood-stabilizing
1.4. When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people witha. severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.b. severe depression.c.
1.3. A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is _____________.
1.2. Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as _____________drugs.
1.1. Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notablya. hyperactivity.b. convulsions and momentary memory loss.c. sluggishness,
1.15-17 What is the rationale for preventive mental health programs, and why is it important to develop resilience?
1.15-16 How, by taking care of themselves with a healthy lifestyle, might people fi nd some relief from depression? How does this reinforce the idea that we are biopsychosocial systems?
1.15-15 How are brain stimulation and psychosurgery used in treating specifi c disorders?
1.15-14 What are the drug therapies? How do double-blind studies help researchers evaluate a drug’s effectiveness?
1.• What is the difference between preventive mental health and psychological or biomedical therapy?
1.• The drugs given most often to treat depression are called __________ . Schizophrenia is often treated with_______________ drugs.
1.14. Studies show ______________ that therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.a. behaviorc. psychodynamicb. humanisticd. no one type of
1.13. The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes froma. outcome research.b. randomized clinical trials.c. reports of clinicians and clients.d. a government
1.9. At a treatment center, people who display a desired behavior receive coins that they can later exchange for other rewards. This is an example of a(n)_________________ ____________.
1.8. After a near-fatal car accident, Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the freeway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best
1.6. Behavior therapies often use ____________ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.
1.4. A therapist who restates and clarifi es the client’s statements is practicing _____________ ______________.
1.3. Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasizea. hidden or repressed feelings.b. childhood experiences.c. psychological disorders.d. self-fulfi llment and
1.2. ____________therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.
1.1. A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams is drawing froma. psychoanalysis.b.
1.15-13 What should a person look for when selecting a therapist?
1.15-12 How do culture and values infl uence the therapist-client relationship?
1.15-11 What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
1.15-10 How do alternative therapies fare under scientifi c scrutiny?
1.15-9 Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specifi c disorders?
1.15-8 Does psychotherapy work? How can we know?
1.15-7 What are the aims and benefi ts of group and family therapies?
1.15-6 What are the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
1.15-4 How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies?What techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?
1.15-3 What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the specifi c goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach?
1.15-2 What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
1.• Those who undergo psychotherapy are _______________ (more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy.
1.• What is evidence-based clinical decision making?
1.How might the placebo effect bias clients’ and clinicians’ appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?
1.• Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy?a. more focused attention from the therapistc. social feedbackb. less expensived. reassurance that others share troubles
1.• Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditional positive regard and active listening?
1.• What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?
1.• An influential cognitive therapy for depression was developed by_______________-_______________.
1.• How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?
1.Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?
1.• What are the insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?
1.• What might a psychodynamic therapist say about Mowrer’s therapy for bed-wetting? How about a humanistic therapist? How might a behavior therapist reply?
1.• In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called _____________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around
9. When sample averages are _____________ and the difference between them is ______________, we can say the difference has statistical signifi cance.a. reliable; largeb. reliable; smallc. due to
8. In ____________-_______________ studies, a characteristic is assessed across different age groups at the same time.
7. What is regression toward the mean, and how can it infl uence our interpretation of events?
5. If a study revealed that tall people were less intelligent than short people, this would suggest that the correlation between height and intelligence is _______________(positive/negative).
1.4. In a ______________ correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a(n) _____________ correlation, one score falls and the other rises.a. positive; negativec. negative; inverseb. positive;
1.3. Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer scores fall at each extreme, is a _____________ ______________.
1.A-4 How do we know whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations?
1.A-3 What is regression toward the mean?
1.A-2 What does it mean when we say two things are correlated?
1.A-1 How do we describe data using three measures of central tendency, and what is the relative usefulness of the two measures of variation?
1.• You hear the school basketball coach telling her friend that she rescued her team’s winning streak by yelling at the players after they played an unusually bad first half. What is another
1.• The average of a distribution of scores is the ___________. The score that shows up most often is the __________ . The score right in the middle of a distribution (half the scores above it;
1.5. An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is calleda. deep brain stimulation.b. the mood-stabilizing
1.4. When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people witha. severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.b. severe depression.c.
1.3. A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is ____________ .
1.2. Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as ____________ drugs.
1.1. Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notablya. hyperactivity.b. convulsions and momentary memory loss.c. sluggishness,
1.15-17 What is the rationale for preventive mental health programs, and why is it important to develop resilience?
1.15-16 How, by taking care of themselves with a healthy lifestyle, might people fi nd some relief from depression? How does this reinforce the idea that we are biopsychosocial systems?
1.15-15 How are brain stimulation and psychosurgery used in treating specifi c disorders?
1.15-14 What are the drug therapies? How do double-blind studies help researchers evaluate a drug’s effectiveness?

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