Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

1.• What is the difference between preventive mental health and psychological or biomedical therapy?
1.• The drugs given most often to treat depression are called _____________ . Schizophrenia is often treated with ______________ drugs.
1.14. Studies show that _____________ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.a. behaviorc. psychodynamicb. humanisticd. no one type of
1.13. The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes froma. outcome research.b. randomized clinical trials.c. reports of clinicians and clients.d. a government
1.9. At a treatment center, people who display a desired behavior receive coins that they can later exchange for other rewards. This is an example of a(n) __________ ______________.
1.8. After a near-fatal car accident, Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the freeway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best
1.6. Behavior therapies often use _____________ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.
1.4. A therapist who restates and clarifi es the client’s statements is practicing ____________ ______________.
1.3. Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasizea. hidden or repressed feelings.b. childhood experiences.c. psychological disorders.d. self-fulfi llment and
1.2. ______________therapies are designed to help individuals discover the thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior.
1.1. A therapist who helps patients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams is drawing froma. psychoanalysis.b.
1.15-13 What should a person look for when selecting a therapist?
1.15-12 How do culture and values infl uence the therapist-client relationship?
1.15-11 What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
1.15-10 How do alternative therapies fare under scientifi c scrutiny?
1.15-9 Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specifi c disorders?
1.15-8 Does psychotherapy work? How can we know?
1.15-7 What are the aims and benefi ts of group and family therapies?
1.15-6 What are the goals and techniques of cognitive therapy and of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
1.15-4 How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies?What techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?
1.15-3 What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the specifi c goals and techniques of Rogers’ client-centered approach?
1.15-2 What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
1.• Those who undergo psychotherapy are _______________ (more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy.
1.• What is evidence-based clinical decision making?
1.• How might the placebo effect bias clients’ and clinicians’ appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?
1.• Which of the following is NOT a benefit of group therapy?a. more focused attention from the therapistc. social feedbackb. less expensived. reassurance that others share troubles
1.• Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditional positive regard and active listening?
1.• What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?
1.• An influential cognitive therapy for depression was developed by ____________ _____________.
1.• How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?
1.• Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?
1.• What are the insight therapies, and how do they differ from behavior therapies?
1.• What might a psychodynamic therapist say about Mowrer’s therapy for bed-wetting? How about a humanistic therapist? How might a behavior therapist reply?
1.In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called _______________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around
1.8. Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?a. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight.b. Bulimia is marked by weight fl uctuations
1.7. PET scans of murderers’ brains have revealeda. higher-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.b. lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.c. more frontal lobe tissue than
1.6. A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized bya. depression.b. hallucinations.c. infl exible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.d. an
1.5. Dissociative identity disorder is controversial becausea. dissociation is quite rare.b. it was reported frequently in the 1920s but rarely today.c. it is almost never reported outside North
1.4. Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best whena. onset is sudden, in response to stress.b. deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood.c. no environmental causes can be identifi
1.3. People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging selfdestruction, an example of a(n) ______________ .
1.2. A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experiencea. catatonia.c. withdrawal.b. delusions.d. fl at emotion.
1.1. Victor exclaimed, “The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It’s hot one day and freezing the next!” Is this an accurate comparison? Why or why not?
1.14-21 What are the three main eating disorders, and how do biological, psychological, and social-cultural infl uences make people more vulnerable to them?
1.14-20 What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize the antisocial personality?
1.14-19 What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
1.14-18 How do genes infl uence schizophrenia?
1.14-17 What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?
1.14-16 What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
1.14-15 How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?
1.14-14 What patterns of perceiving, thinking, and feeling characterize schizophrenia?
1.• People with _______________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. Those with _______________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) tend
1.• How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?
1.• The psychodynamic and learning perspectives agree that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are ways of dealing with anxiety. How do their explanations differ?
1.4. Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the ___________-______________ perspective.
1.3. Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters _______________and______________ .
1.2. Rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the twenty-fi rst century, especially amonga. middle-aged women.c. people 20 and over.b. middle-aged men.d. people 19 and under.
1.4. When a person with an anxiety disorder eases anxiety by avoiding or escaping a situation that inspires fear, this is calleda. conditioning.c. an epigenetic mark.b. reinforcement.d.
1.3. Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities.Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having
1.2. An episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is calleda. a specifi c phobia.c. a panic attack.b. a
1.1. Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specifi c object, activity, or situation is called a ______________ .
1.14-10 How do conditioning, cognition, and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts that mark anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?
1.14-9 What is PTSD?
1.14-8 What is OCD?
1.14-7 How do generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias differ?
1.• Researchers believe that conditioning and cognitive processes contribute to anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. What biological factors also contribute to these disorders?
1.• Those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with
1.• Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n)______________-_______________ disorder.
1.• If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a ______________ .
1.• Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ____________ disorder.
1.• Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of __________ _______________disorder.
1.8. The symptoms of ____________appear around age 10;______________tend[s] to appear later, around age 25.a. schizophrenia; bipolar disorderb. bipolar disorder; schizophreniac. major depressive
1.7. One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is ________________ .
1.6. Why is the DSM, and the DSM-5 in particular, considered controversial?
1.5. Many psychologists reject the “disorders-as-illness”view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person’s bad habits and poor social skills. This
1.4. A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the ______________model.
1.3. What is susto, and is this a culture-specifi c or universal psychological disorder?
1.1. Two major disorders that are found worldwide are schizophrenia and _____________ .
1.14-6 How many people have, or have had, a psychological disorder? Is poverty a risk factor?
1.14-4 Why is there controversy over attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder?
1.14-3 How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
1.14-2 How do the medical model and the biopsychosocial approach infl uence our understanding of psychological disorders?
1.14-1 How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
1.• What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?
1.• What is the biopsychosocial approach, and why is it important in our understanding of psychological disorders?
1.• Are psychological disorders universal, or are they culture-specific? Explain with examples.
1.10. Individualist cultures tend to value _______________ ;collectivist cultures tend to value __________.a. interdependence; independenceb. independence; interdependencec. solidarity; uniquenessd.
1.9. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the _______________ ________________- .
1.8. A fortune cookie advises, “Love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?
1.7. Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?a. Life problems cause low self-esteem.b. The answer isn’t clear because
1.6. Critics say that ______________-________________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the
1.5. The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of
1.4. Our scores on personality tests best predicta. our behavior on a specifi c occasion.b. our average behavior across many situations.c. behavior involving a single trait, such as
1.3. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?a. Conscientiousnessb. Anxietyc. Extraversiond. Agreeableness
1.2. One famous personality inventory is thea. Extraversion–Introversion Scale.b. Person–Situation Inventory.c. MMPI.d. Rorschach.
1.1. _______________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
1.13-22 How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ in their values and goals?
1.13-21 What evidence reveals self-serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
1.13-20 Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to our well-being?
1.13-19 What criticisms have social-cognitive theorists faced?
1.13-18 How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they explore behavior?

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