Questions and Answers of Exploring Psychology

What are the single-system and dual-system hypotheses?
Does age influence our ability to learn languages?
What is additive bilingualism?
What impact can language have on the perception of color?
What is linguistic relativity?
How can we find out about language by studying the human brain, and what do such studies reveal?
How does our social context influence our use of language?
How does language affect the way we think?
On the basis of the discussion of reading in this chapter, what practical suggestion could you recommend that might make reading easier for someone who is having difficulty reading?
In this chapter, we saw that passive-voice sentences can be transformed into active-voice sentences using transformation rules. What are some other kinds of sentence structures that are related to
Write a noun phrase and a verb phrase. How are they different?
How do phrase-structure diagrams reveal the alternative meanings of ambiguous sentences?
Compare and contrast the speech-is-ordinary and speech-is-special views, particularly in reference to categorical perception and phonemic restoration.
In your opinion, why do some view speech perception to be special, whereas others consider speech perception to be ordinary?
Describe the six key properties of language.
Is there a limit to the number or complexity of mental models one can have about a given text?
Does readers’ point of view influence their text comprehension?
What technique can you apply when you come across a word you don’t know in a text?
What is discourse?
Give an example for the word-superiority effect.
What is lexical access?
Which processes can be impaired in dyslexia?
What is the difference between phrase-structure grammar and transformational grammar?
What is syntactical priming?
What is categorical perception?
What does the view of speech perception as ordinary suggest?
What is coarticulation, and why is it important?
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
What are some important properties of language?
How does discourse help us understand individual words?
How do perceptual processes interact with the cognitive processes of reading?
What are some of the processes involved in language?
What properties characterize language?
How might you use semantic priming to enhance the likelihood that a person will think of something you would like the person to think of (e.g., your birthday, a restaurant to visit, or a movie to
What are some practical examples of the forms of nondeclarative knowledge in Squire’s model? (For ideas on conditioning, see Chapter 1; for ideas on habituation or on priming, see Chapter 4.)
How would you design an experiment to test whether a particular cognitive task was better explained in terms of modular components, or in terms of some fundamental underlying domain general processes?
What are some advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical models of knowledge representation?
In your opinion, why have many of the models for knowledge representation come from people with a strong interest in AI?
Describe some of the attributes of schemas, and compare and contrast two of the schema models mentioned in this chapter.
What is a script that you use in your daily life? How might you make it work better for you?
Define declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge, and give examples of each.
What is domain specificity?
How does a connectionist network represent knowledge?
What is parallel processing?
How is procedural knowledge represented in the ACT-R model?
What is the ACT-R model?
What are two types of priming?
What are the different kinds of nondeclarative knowledge?
What is procedural knowledge?
Why do we need scripts?
What is a schema?
What are the components of a semantic network?
What is the theory based view of meaning?
What is the difference between prototypes and exemplars?
What is a category?
What is a concept?
How does declarative knowledge interact with procedural knowledge?
How do we represent other forms of knowledge in the mind?
How are representations of words and symbols organized in the mind?
Based on the heuristics described in this chapter, what are some of the distortions that may be influencing your cognitive maps for places with which you are familiar (e.g., a college campus or your
What are some practical applications of having two codes for knowledge representation?Give an example applied to your own experiences, such as applications to studying for examinations.
Some people report never experiencing mental imagery, yet they are able to solve mental rotation problems. How might they solve such problems?
In what ways do propositional forms of knowledge representation influence performance on tasks involving mental imagery?
In what ways is mental imagery analogous (or functionally equivalent)perception?
What factors might lead a person’s mental model to be inaccurate with respect to how radio transmissions lead people to be able to hear music on a radio?
Describe some of the characteristics of pictures versus words as external forms of knowledge representation.
What is a text map?
Name some heuristics that people use when manipulating cognitive maps.
What is a cognitive map?
What is the difference between visual and spatial imagery?
What kind of mental model did Johnson-Laird propose?
Why are demand characteristics important when researchers design and interpret experiments?
What is representational neglect?
How do we mentally scan images?
What is image scaling?
What is some of the neuropsychological evidence for mental rotation?
What is mental rotation?
What is a proposition?
What kinds of codes does dual-code theory comprise?
In what forms can knowledge be represented in our mind?
What are three things you learned about memory that can help you to learn new information and effectively recall the information over the long term?
Make a list of 10 or more unrelated items you need to memorize. Choose one of the mnemonic devices mentioned in this chapter, and describe how you would apply the device to memorizing the list of
Use the chapter-opening example from Bransford and Johnson as an illustration to make up a description of a common procedure without labeling the procedure (e.g., baking chocolate chip cookies or
Suppose that you are an attorney defending a client who is being prosecuted solely on the basis of eyewitness testimony. How could you demonstrate to members of the jury the frailty of eyewitness
Compare and contrast some of the views regarding flashbulb memory.
What is the main difference between two of the proposed mechanisms by which we forget information?
What is the evidence for encoding specificity? Cite at least three sources of supporting evidence.
In what forms do we encode information for brief memory storage versus longterm memory storage?
How does the context influence encoding and retrieval of information?
What are repressed memories?
Do you think eyewitness accounts should be allowed in court?
In what specific ways do memory distortions occur?
What is autobiographical memory?
What is the difference between interference and decay?
What is the recency effect?
Name and define two types of interference.
Why do we need to make a difference between the availability and the accessibility of information?
How do we retrieve data from short-term memory?
Name and explain three mnemonic devices.
What is rehearsal?

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