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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

6.3 Describe the phases of operant conditioning, including acquisition and extinction. (APA 1.1, 1.2)
6.3 Describe the contributions that B. F. Skinner made to the study of operant conditioning. (APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1)
6.3 Explain Thorndike’s law of effect and the experiments that led to its discovery. (APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1)
6.2 Describe how classical conditioning can be used to help people. (APA 1.3, 3.1)
6.2 Describe the process through which classically conditioned responses are removed.(APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
6.2 Explain how classical conditioning occurs in humans. (APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
6.2 Define classical conditioning and describe the factors that affect it. (APA 1.1, 1.2)
6.2 Describe Pavlov’s studies of classical conditioning.(APA 1.1, 1.2, 2.1)
6.1 Define and give examples of orienting reflexes, habituation, and dishabituation. (APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
6.1 Define learning. (APA 1.1, 1.2)
3. Using Chapter 2 as a guide, draw a model of the brain and graphically represent where in the brain various psychoactive drugs have their effects. Also integrate on this visual schematic the
2. Explain individual differences in hypnotic suggestibility as a result of variations in sensation, expectations, and perceptual errors. Integrate the information from Chapter 3 as a guide in
1. Applying the information from Chapter 1 on research methods, design a study that will test the hypothesis that sleep changes as we age. (You are not implementing a study, just detailing how it
5. How prevalent is drug use at your campus? Design a research survey to assess this issue at your school. Administer the survey to student volunteers following the ethical procedures for
4. Apply the theories on hypnosis to explain how stage hypnotists alter the behavior of their audience volunteers.
3. How would you rate your hypnotic susceptibility? Indicate under what circumstances you would consider using hypnosis as a therapy or treatment, and why.
2. Keep a dream log for a week. Applying the different theories on dreaming, interpret what your dreams mean. Which of these interpretations seems the most plausible, and why?
1. Given the numerous factors, such as age and lifestyle, that influence the amount of sleep a person needs, apply each of these factors to the amount of sleep that you get. How can you improve the
20. Which of the following drugs is most likely to be prescribed to reduce pain?a. Stimulantb. Depressantc. Hallucinogend. Opiate
19. While at a nightclub one weekend, Aoki had a drug slipped into her drink that made her pass out and have no recall of the events of the evening. What type of drug was most likely put in Aoki’s
18. Sven still experiences visual disturbances and dramatic mood swings after taking LSD several months ago. Sven is most likely experiencing .a. HPPDb. PTSDc. persistent psychosisd. tweaking
17. The feeling of well-being that results from nicotine or cocaine use is due to the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?a. Dopamineb. Serotoninc. Acetylcholined. Endorphins
16. Which of the following variables influences a drug’s effects?a. How much of the drug is takenb. Your tolerance to the drugc. Your expectations about the drug’s effectsd. All of the above
15. Howe has been using methamphetamine for several months now. If he stops taking the drug, which of the following is he most likely to experience?a. Paranoiab. Enhanced moodc. Reduced appetited.
14. Paz now needs more alcohol to get high than she did when she first started drinking. Paz has developed alcohol.a. an addiction tob. tolerance toc. a withdrawal fromd. a margin of safety for
13. Which of the following drugs is a depressant?a. Ecstasyb. Nicotinec. PCPd. Alcohol
12. People who are easily hypnotized tend to have which of the following traits?a. Positive expectations about hypnosisb. Higher intelligencec. Higher sociabilityd. All of the above
11. Which of the following is not a well-documented use of hypnosis?a. Decreasing anxietyb. Relieving painc. Recovering memoriesd. Enhancing therapy
10. EEG brain-wave patterns of people who are hypnotized show an increase in waves.a. thetab. deltac. betad. alpha
9. Why is melatonin referred to as the “Dracula hormone”?a. Because it increases during the dayb. Because it increases at nightc. Because it is in the bloodd. Because it was first found in bats
8. When Kaitlin wakes up in the morning, she recalls having a dream that toads were invading her room.According to Freud, Kaitlin’s recall is an example of .a. latent contentb. manifest contentc.
7. Dr. Surrell believes that dreaming evolved to help us rehearse potentially harmful events. Dr. Surrell is endorsing which dream theory?a. Freudian theoryb. Activation-synthesis theoryc. Continuity
6. Recent research suggests a relationship between the sleep spindles of stage II sleep and .a. processing of motor skillsb. body restorationc. storage of memoriesd. growth hormone
5. Benita often wakes up in the morning feeling very tired, despite sleeping 9–10 hours. Her partner has noticed that she often emits loud snores and seems to have erratic breathing while she is
4. Which of the following brain waves is most likely to occur during slow-wave sleep?a. Betab. Alphac. Deltad. Theta
3. Alfred is just falling asleep. An EEG would most likely show Alfred exhibiting brain waves.a. betab. deltac. sleep spindled. theta
2. There is a negative relationship or correlation between sleep and age. This means that:a. the older we get, the more sleep we need.b. the older we get, the less sleep we need.c. the more you
1. Which of the following is not a benefit of sleep?a. Increased alertnessb. Memory processingc. Decreased immunity to diseased. Enhanced mood
5. Deana takes a drug that blocks adenosine in her brain. This drug causes her to be more alert and enhances her ability to focus. If she takes too much, it causes irritability, nausea, and a racing
4. Mick, a successful author, has been drinking alcohol for 10 years. He feels that alcohol relaxes him and expands his mind, which makes him a more creative writer. In fact, he never attempts to
3. The designer drug Ecstasy, or MDMA, produces effects similar to what two categories of drugs?a. Stimulants and depressantsb. Hallucinogens and depressantsc. Stimulants and hallucinogensd. Opiates
2. Rolanda takes a drug that raises her blood pressure and heart rate, makes her feel euphoric and excited, and suppresses her appetite. She in all likelihood has not taken .a. cocaineb. alcoholc.
1. Psychoactive drugs often have short-term and sometimes long-term effects on child development when mothers-to-be take the drug during pregnancy.Ethical guidelines on testing the effects of these
3. Cecilia has been hypnotized and told that she will not feel pain in her right hand. Her right hand is then immersed in freezing cold water. According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, what
2. Which of the following statements about hypnosis is false?a. Everyone can be hypnotized.b. Hypnosis can promote relaxation.c. Memories recalled under hypnosis are not always accurate.d. Not all
1. Research on hypnosis suggests that it is least helpful for which of the following?a. Relieving painb. Decreasing anxietyc. Curing addictionsd. Enhancing physical performance
5. Which of the following is poor advice to give to someone who is experiencing insomnia?a. Avoid napsb. Exercise during the day.c. Go to bed when you feel tired and wake up when you feel rested.d.
4. The suprachiasmatic nucleus increases the release of melatonin as it gets darker outside. This represents a correlation between amount of melatonin and amount of daylight.a. negativeb. positivec.
3. Which of the following statements about sleep is false?a. Sleep patterns change with age.b. Everyone needs at least 8 hours of sleep a night.c. Some people are night owls, whereas others are early
2. Hap is at a workshop and falls asleep. He is relaxed and his brain-wave pattern shows theta waves interrupted by short bursts of electrical activity. Hap is in what stage of sleep?a. Stage Ib.
1. Ronnie has a dream that he is being chased by a golden goose. He is told that this reflects his anxiety about impregnating women. This analysis represents the of his dream.a. manifest contentb.
4.3 Identify depressants, opiates, stimulants, and hallucinogens, and describe the effects these types of drugs have on our health, cognition, and behavior. (APA 1.1, 1.3, 2.2, 3.3)
4.3 Define tolerance and substance use disorder, and explain how one’s biology, expectations, and culture influence how psychoactive drugs work.(APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2, 2.5, 3.2)
4.2 Examine the scientific research to critically evaluate what hypnosis can and cannot do for you. (APA 2.1, 2.2, 5.1)
4.2 Detail the experience of hypnosis, describe hypnotic susceptibility, and apply the neodissociation and response set theories to how hypnosis occurs.(APA 1.1, 1.2)
4.1 Describe and distinguish among the various sleep disorders. (APA 1.1, 1.3)
4.1 Compare and contrast the different theories on dreaming. (APA 1.1, 1.2)
4.1 Describe the stages we progress through during a typical night of sleep. (APA 1.1, 2.2)
4.1 Describe how our circadian rhythm of sleep operates, and apply how disruptions in this circadian rhythm influence our behavior. (APA 1.1, 1.3)
4.1 Discuss why we sleep and understand the variables that influence individual variations in the amount of sleep we need. (APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.5)
4. Design a research study to test the hypothesis that males and females have different food preferences(Chapter 1).
3. How might strongly held beliefs, such as racial prejudices(Chapter 10), affect perception?
2. If Ali has a brain tumor in his occipital lobe (Chapter 2), how might this affect his sensory and perceptual processes?
1. Explain how top-down perceptual processing may affect the testimony (Chapter 7) of a person who has witnessed an armed robbery.
5. Find a picture of Vincent Van Gogh’s painting Starry Night. What monocular depth cues are used in this painting? Provide specific examples of your choices.6. Identify several species of animal
4. You have been charged with determining the additional amount of sugar one would have to add to a cup of coffee that already contained 2 teaspoons of sugar to produce a jnd. How would you go about
3. Assume you work on the staff of an assisted-living home. Most of your clients are people in their 80s and 90s. How can you use your knowledge of sensation and perception to do your job better? In
2. Because you are studying sensation in psychology, your uncle asks you to explain why he cannot distinguish red objects from green objects. What would you tell him?
1. Your younger sister listens to music at a very loud level through headphones nearly every day. What would you tell her to convince her to turn down the volume?
20. According to your text, we experience perceptual constancies for all of the following except which one?a. Sizeb. Texturec. Shaped. Brightness
19. In which of the following situations would you be most likely to use bottom-up perceptual processing?a. When viewing a piece of abstract art composed of nothing but paint splatters on a canvasb.
18. Mike was in an accident that injured his right eye.Although he’ll recover, he must wear an eye patch for the next 2 weeks. During this time, Mike’s doctor will not allow him to drive a car.
17. Karina goes to a Halloween party where she meets a man who is wearing a monster mask that covers his entire face. Later, when her best friend asks her to describe the man, she describes him as
16. The fact that men who are exposed to fertile women drink more alcohol than males who are exposed to infertile women is most consistent with the notion that humans possess a(n)sense.a.
15. Ultimately, most taste information is processed in the cortex of the brain.a. somatosensoryb. occipitalc. temporald. motor
14. Researchers have argued that our ability to taste sweet flavors is best when the food is placed on the front of our tongues. To test this theory, a researcher randomly selects 20 males and 20
13. To date, the most widely accepted theory of pitch perception is theory.a. placeb. volleyc. frequencyd. duplicity
12. Jonas, a retired jet engine mechanic, is 65 years old.Lately he’s been experiencing some hearing loss.From what you know about hearing and exposure to loud sounds, what would you predict about
11. The of the brain processes visual information before it travels to the cortex.a. thalamusb. hypothalamusc. olfactory bulbd. hippocampus
10. When we hear a sound, cells on the convert sound waves into neural signals.a. cone; tympanic membraneb. rod; cochlear ductc. hair; basilar membraned. hair; tympanic membrane
9. The of a sound corresponds to the of a sound wave.a. loudness; frequencyb. pitch; frequencyc. loudness; cycled. pitch; amplitude
8. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, we have for , , and light.a. cones; red; green; blueb. cones; red; green; yellowc. rods; red; green; blued. rods; red; green; yellow
7. in the of the retina allow us to see color.a. Neurotransmitters; conesb. Photopigments; conesc. Neurotransmitters; rodsd. Photopigments; rods
6. The eye’s undergoes to focus an image of what we see on our retina.a. iris; constrictionb. pupil; constrictionc. lens; accommodationd. sclera; accommodation
5. The hue or color of a light we perceive corresponds to the of the light wave.a. purityb. wavelengthc. amplituded. frequency
4. The average human would be able to see which of the following wavelengths?a. 950 nmc. 789 nmb. 850 nmd. 550 nm
3. According to Weber’s law, a teaspoon of sugar added to an already sweet glass of tea will be noticeable than a teaspoon of sugar added to a glass of tea that has no sugar to begin with.a. lessb.
2. Determining the qualities of light energy that are related to color would be most central to which of the following areas of psychology?a. Physiological psychologyb. Perception psychologyc.
1. is the conversion of environmental energies into neural impulses.a. Sensationb. Perceptionc. Absolute thresholdd. The just noticeable difference (jnd)
3. When you look down the railroad tracks, the tracks appear to converge even though they are parallel.This illusion is the result of which perceptual process?a. Monocular depth cuesb. Binocular
2. Last night, Samantha noticed that the moon looked huge as it rose above the horizon. Later, when the moon was overhead, it did not look nearly as large to her. Which of the following is thought to
1. Leahannaba grew up in a culture where most of the structures were dome-shaped huts. Compared to someone from New York City, which optical illusion is Leahannaba less likely to experience?a. Ponzo
3. A brain tumor in your occipital lobe might result in distorted visual perception. This result is most consistent with which theory of perception?a. Feature detection theoryb. Gestalt theory of
2. If you went blind in one eye, which depth cue would you lose?a. Motion parallaxb. Interpositionc. Retinal disparityd. Texture gradient
1. Jamal was a witness to a bank robbery. Although he did not clearly see the robber’s face, Jamal assumed that the robber was a man. What is the most likely reason for Jamal’s assumption?a.
3. Which of your senses would be least likely to be affected when you have a bad head cold?a. Tasteb. Touchc. Smelld. Vestibular sense
2. Spinning around and around on a carnival ride is most likely to affect which of your senses?a. Tasteb. Hearingc. Smelld. Vestibular sense
1. Which of the following is not thought to be a taste for which your tongue has receptors?a. Saltyb. Sourc. Spicyd. Bitter
3. theory proposes that pitch is perceived when the brain locates the region of the basilar membrane that is firing the most action potentials.a. Frequencyb. Basilarc. Placed. Volley
2. By turning up the volume on your TV, you are changing the of the sound waves being emitted by the TV.a. amplitudeb. wavelengthc. pitchd. width

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