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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

An interesting case of friendly competition between humans and machines is the Supreme Court Forecasting Project 2002: http://wusct.wustl.edu/It compared the accuracy of two dierent ways to
● Are these biases predictable?
● Do these strategies lead to biased or irrational decisions?
● What kind of simplied decisions strategies do they use?
Do people tend to take shortcuts when thinking and making decisions?
Paul Ingram was an active Christian, well-known and respected in his community in Washington State. He was a deputy sheri and Chairman of the local Republican party. It all changed in 1988 when
“There’s a trade-o between internal and external validity of an experiment”.Explain why. Refer back to Unit 1 on research methodology.
1. How is contradictory research resolved in other areas of knowledge?2. How does this relate to the concept of paradigm shifts?3. Are meta-analyses possible in other areas of knowledge? What are the
Memory change or response bias? Organize a debate.Split into two groups. Each group adopts one of the two positions. Take your time to study the empirical evidence and come up with arguments in
“This is a small dierence, but it was statistically signicant”.What does this mean exactly? Can you name other examples from psychology where results were “weak”but
Compare the two studies (Loftus and Palmer, 1974; Loftus, Miller and Burns, 1978) in terms of their:● independent variable (IV)● dependent variable (DV)● operationalization of IV and DV●
What is a 2-by-2 experimental design? If you cannot recall, review Unit 1 on research methodology.Note that in order to test the hypothesis in this experiment groups 1 and 4 (combined) were compared
Before you read about experiment 2, can you devise your own experiments? How would you design an experiment to choose between the two competing hypotheses?Split into groups and then discuss each
Think about one of your early childhood memories, something that happened to you when you were very young. How clearly do you remember this episode?Some details are probably more accessible to you
● How are false memories created?
● Can memory of an event change with the course of time?
● Does external information inuence the way we remember things?
Is memory passive retrieval of information from the long-term store, or rather active reconstruction of information from the past?
On 24 April 2013 an eight-storey commercial building named Rana Plaza collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is now considered the deadliest accidental structural failure in modern history. Approximately
How does this model link to the principles of cognitive approach to behaviour? In particular, how does the model relate to principle 3 (cognitive processes do not function in isolation)?
Can you think of a way to test the predictions of the theory of planned behaviour in an experimental, rather than correlational, design?Suggest some ideas.
Discuss the relative strengths and limitations of metaanalysis as a research method. How does meta-analysis relate to the problem of replicability in science?
Take a minute to recall what you know about correlation(see “Research methodology”). To test your knowledge, answer these questions.● What is the “third variable”?● What does it mean when
In what areas of knowledge have people been more successful in using the “ideal” normative models of thinking and decision-making? How did they manage?
You are about to discover some things about how people make decisions. Before you read on, can you make some predictions on the basis of your common knowledge and interpersonal experience? Answer
Imagine a 12-year-old asks you why it is important to make a “model of thinking”. Explain it to him or her.
● How can we research the process of thinking rather than its outcomes?
● How can we test a model of thinking empirically and in a quantiable way?
● Do intentions affect behaviour?
● Are human errors in thinking and decisionmaking predictable?
Do people make rational decisions?
Gillian Gibbons, a UK national who worked as a teacher in a private school in Sudan, asked her 7-year-old students to decide on a name for a classroom teddy bear as part of a larger project on
To what extent can depression be explained by cognitive factors? Look through Unit 5 on abnormal psychology to see how the cognitive theory of depression is supported by empirical research.
What practical applications of these ndings can you think of? For example, how can our knowledge of the effect of schemas on memory be used in education?
Evaluate the following aspects of the study.● Internal validity: what are the potential confounding variables? How well were they controlled?● External validity: are there any issues with
We use the example of Bransford and Johnson’s (1972) study extensively in Unit 9 of this book (“Internal assessment”). It would be useful to know details about the study and familiarize
Now that you have read the passage, try closing the book and repeating its main ideas.Overall, there are 14 idea units in this passage. How many can you remember? (It is not necessary to remember
One of the tests for truth in theory of knowledge, the coherence test, claims that something is true if it ts well into what you already know. What are the possible criticisms of this test for
What is the role of prior experience in gaining new knowledge? Is it a tool for acquiring new knowledge or rather an obstacle?
Before you read about the studies, try to think of an experiment that you might conduct to test the following theoretical hypotheses:● Schemas inuence encoding of material in memory.● Schemas
● How do we make sense of the ocean of data around us?
● What is the utility of perceiving things through the “lens” of prior knowledge and expectations?
● How does context inuence comprehension?
How does prior knowledge inuence processing of new information?
Do cases of amnesia support the idea of separate memory stores? Yes, they do. If brain injury destroys one memory process but does not destroy the others, it really is supporting evidence. However,
Evaluate the construct validity of Baddeley’s (1996) study. To what extent is randomness of a string of digits a good operationalization of the function of the central executive?
Do you remember research methodology? Experiments are characterized by validity, and there are three broad types of validity: internal, external and construct.
2. Are there alternative explanations that would t equally well into the observed data?
1. Evaluate the extent to which this study supports the working memory model.
2. List all the essential properties of models(irrespective of the area of knowledge) and discuss how these properties are manifested in the multistore memory model.
1. Why is Atkinson and Shirin’s multi-store memory model a model?
1. Split into six groups.2. Each group will take one of the six questions listed above and design an experiment to empirically answer the question.3. When presenting your experiment to the larger
Do some research and suggest your explanation for phenomenal memory (extraordinary memory powers). How is phenomenal memory possible? Can it be learned?You may start exploring the issue with this
The fact that we can only attend to a limited amount of information in our sensory memory at a given time links to the TOK concept of “selectivity of perception”. Recall examples from various
● How can we test hypotheses about the existence of separate stores in human memory?
● Is rehearsal the best way to memorize information?
● What is the duration and capacity of human memory?
● How many separate stores are there?
Does memory consist of separate stores?
The principles of the cognitive approach to behaviour are important assumptions made by cognitive psychologists.You need to clearly understand these principles and refer to them when relevant in
Dan Ariely (from Duke University) extensively popularizes research in the eld of cognitive biases and behavioural economics. A good way to get a feel for this area of research is through his
1. To what extent are models useful as a tool of acquiring knowledge?2. Name examples of models that are used in other disciplines, for example, geography, natural sciences, mathematics.3. What are
1. Think of examples from other sciences when, in the process of development, the new approach rejected an underlying principle of the previous approach and suggested something dierent instead.2.
Empirical means “based on experience”. Give examples of empirical sciences. Is psychology an empirical science? If so, does it mean that knowledge in psychology solely relies on observational
Give examples of metaphysical disciplines or areas of knowledge. Is philosophy metaphysical? How about religion, ethics, geography, mathematics or the arts?
3. Have you ever done something “unconsciously” (that is, without realizing why you are doing it)?
2. What prevents people from making rational choices?
1. Do you agree that people are essentially irrational?Can you give examples of irrational behaviour that you have come across at some point in your life?
● Does cognition guide behaviour?
● How reliable are human beings as information processors?
● Can the human mind be compared to a computer?
How can mental processes, which are not directly observable, be scientically studied?
Have you heard about subliminal tapes? These are auditory messages that contain embedded signals that are so weak that they do not reach conscious awareness, but that go straight into your
=+6. Jot down all the foods you have eaten today. Search the web for the nutritional information on these—and evaluate how good you have been to your eyes today
=+moving, however, the slow-moving fluid keeps on moving. It tells the hair cells in the vestibular canals (which in turn tell the brain),“We are still spinning”—and we feel as if we are.
=+dizzy. Here’s what is happening. The fluid in the semicircular canals moves slowly and is even slower to change direction. When we spin for a while, the fluid eventually catches up with our rate
=+5. If you have a few minutes and a strong stomach, give your vestibular system a workout. Spin around quickly and repeatedly for a minute, either in a swivel chair or standing in the center of a
=+figure—standing still, and then moving its arm, and then waving?Each successive picture should be as close to the one before it as possible but changing slightly to reflect the movement. Then,
=+4. Create a gestalt moment. Use the corners of the pages of a book or notebook. Draw a series of small, simple pictures, sketching one on the lower right-hand corner of each page. How about a stick
=+3. If you found the example of mirror-touch synaesthesia interesting, you might be interested in checking out the Entanglement episode of the Invisibilia Podcast, hosted by Lulu Miller and Alix
=+2. If you found the example of inattentional blindness in this chapter interesting, check out this website where you will find a video so that you can see for yourself:www.theinvisiblegorilla.com
=+you can decide what your absolute threshold is according to the text’s definition. Do you think your absolute threshold would vary depending on what you had recently eaten? Why or why not?
=+8 gallons. Your partner should place a sample of one of the solutions in a cup and a sample of plain water in another, identical cup. You should taste the solution in each cup and decide which one
=+making sure to keep track of which solution is which. When you are done, the concentration of the solutions should be equivalent to 1 teaspoon in each of the following amounts of water: 1 pint(2
=+1. Find a partner and test your absolute threshold for sugar. Have your partner set up the following sugar-and-water mixtures. Mix 2 teaspoons of sugar in 4 cups of water. Label this solution
=+3. How do portable media players impact hearing, and what can consumers do to reduce the potential harm from using them?
=+2. What factor poses the most serious threat to hearing?
=+1. What are several strategies individuals can use to protect and preserve their vision?
=+3. What information about the body do the kinesthetic senses and the vestibular sense provide?
=+2. Describe how and why pain is adaptive.
=+1. What three kinds of receptors form the cutaneous senses?
=+• How would enhancing the diversity of medical professionals improve pain treatment for Black people?
=+• Where do you think those false beliefs come from?
=+3. What is the pinna? What role does it play in hearing?
=+2. When you hear any sound, what vibrates, and how are the vibrations then transferred to the inner ear?
=+When you hear the loudness of music, what characteristic of sound are you perceiving?
=+1. When you hear the pitch of a voice or an instrument, what quality of sound are you perceiving?
=+ How does this theory explain color vision and colorblindness?
=+3. What are the main principles of trichromatic theory?
=+2. What are rods and cones, and what are their functions in the eye?

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