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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

1. Conceptual Equivalence This exercise is designed to help you understand the notion of conceptual equivalence. If possible, form a culturally diverse group, ideally with 6–10 members. Identify a
2. Multimethod Approach In cross-cultural research, an important strategy is to replicate cultural differences and similarities with different research methods, and if results converge despite the
1. Go on the Web and search for sites about scientific theory. Review the various descriptions of what is considered a theory, as well as how to evaluate theories. If you find a particular theory
4. Go to the Internet discussion list www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/multilevel.html. Select an issue that is of interest to you, follow the discussion thread, and summarize the discussion.
3. In your field of research, think of an established relationship between two variables at the same level of analysis(e.g., a personality trait positively predicts individual task performance). For
This entire chapter is a “how-to” formula, but simply reading it will not make you a good writer any more than reading a cookbook will make you a gourmet chef. You need to put the advice into
1. Find a peer with whom you can share a paper you have written in psychology. Have that person write a critical review of your paper. Once you have read your review, try to follow the suggestions in
2. Select a published paper and carefully evaluate it. Identify what makes this paper successful. What sections are especially clear? Next, consider what areas could be improved. (Note: even
1. Your advisor asks you to draw up plans for recruiting, selecting, and managing undergraduate students into the laboratory group at a large university. What features of the group would you use in
2. Conduct a self-generated training needs assessment with a focus on becoming a valuable member of a research group as (a) undergraduate student, (b) graduate student, and (c) postgraduate student.
3. Your task for the lab group’s annual self-improvement conference is to develop a training plan for ensuring that all lab group members have appropriate skills for their present roles and for
1. Think of a phenomenon in a research area that you are familiar with. How would you represent this phenomenon from a multilevel perspective using data that is hierarchically structured (i.e.,
2. Using the same phenomenon that you have selected above, describe how researchers may commit (a) the ecological fallacy and (b) the atomistic fallacy when making substantive inferences from
2. Go the library and locate the journal, New Ideas in Psychology. Select one of the articles that interest you in that journal and critique that theory in terms of what you have learned from this
4. Then click all Variables from list at left into the Items box at right.
6. Keep a log of TV dramas and sitcoms for a week (here’s your chance to veg a little for science), and count the appearances of minorities, smoking, guns, thin fit people, and/or any other
Exercise 1: One-Sample t-Test Suppose Gillespie and Myors wanted to identify the personality traits for which rock musicians would be considered very high or very low. What sample size would they
Exercise 2: Two-Sample t-Test What if the effect size for determining the difference in Extraversion between singers and instrumentalists was simply obtained by reference to the effect size
Exercise 3: Two-Sample t-Test What if Gillespie and Myors hypothesized that singers, on average, would exhibit more “attitude” than instrumentalists, given their higher profile on stage? Assuming
Exercise 6: Matched-Sample t-Test Suppose the similarity between members of the same band was .50. What sample size would be needed to compare singers and instrumentalists in terms of Extraversion,
Exercise 7: Significance of a Correlation Coefficient What was the smallest correlation coefficient that Gillespie and Myors could reasonably expect to detect with a sample of 100?
Exercise 8: Analysis of Variance Rather than deriving an effect size estimate from the reliability of the test, what if a moderate effect (d = .50)was sought? What would be the total sample size
1. Use the OHRP Web site to determine if your institution has a FWA. Does it have a registered IRB?
5. Rent the video of the movie Magic Town (1947, directed by William A. Wellman) and write a summary (two pages at most, with bullets) describing its implications for today’s market researcher.
4. Ask your friends, family, and associates (approximately 25 people would be a good sample) several questions from a national survey (such as Gallup/CNN) and compare the results you get with what
5. Click Statistics. Next click all options under Descriptives, Summaries, and Inter-Item.
6. Click Continue, and then click OK. This will generate output.
7. To read output, on the left under Reliability, click Reliability Statistics and you will see that Cronbach Alpha = .71 This coefficient alpha is not bad, but let’s examine the results further
8. Click Item-Total Statistics. Examine the Corrected Item-Total Correlation column, and you will see that the corrected item total correlation for I4 is .161. This is not good. Usually the corrected
9. Go back and open up the Data Editor by clicking Window on the top line of the screen and click I4 in the Items box back into the Variables box, leaving I1, I2, and I3 in the Items box.Then, repeat
1. Access the Web site for the U.S. Census Bureau (www.census.gov/) and explore the links to People, Business, and American FactFinder (the last is among the links on the left side) to familiarize
2. Spend an hour several times a week observing the people who patronize the drive-up window of a local fastfood restaurant. Make a plan that includes lunchtime and dinner hours, and be sure to
3. Roll a pair of dice 10 times and write down each score. Repeat this 10 times so that you have 100 observations in 10 sets of 10. Compare the distributions and compute the average error between
2. Use the OHRP Web site to access and read the Belmont Report.
3. Determine what special protections are required in order to obtain permission to use incarcerated persons as participants in research.
4. Determine what consent procedures are appropriate for non-English-speaking participants.
2. First select an area of research, say social, counseling, or cognitive. Then formulate for your choice a list of several concepts that could be understood at a group level of analysis. How might a
3. Consider the following articles on group cohesion, which consist of meta-analyses and syntheses. Select any one, and examine the studies that are used in the meta-analysis. What are the features
1. Consider a potential research project in an area of interest. What steps would you take in the planning stages of your project to ensure that your data will be as clean as they can be when they
2. Imagine that you are a teaching assistant who is charged with teaching an undergraduate discussion section about data-cleaning strategies. Outline the points that you would make and consider how
3. Choose a published research article in an area of interest to you. Read and critique the article in terms of the techniques used by the researchers to ensure that the data were clean. Are there
4. Approach a faculty member with whom you are working and ask whether it would be possible to use a portion of an uncleaned data set to hone your data-cleaning skills (taking precautions to preserve
5. Ask a supervising faculty member to assist you by planting bad data points in a copy of an already cleaned data file. These might be out-of-range data, response sets, and so forth. How successful
1. Interviewing and Being Interviewed Develop an open-ended interview question about a particular life experience. Pair with a colleague and have him or her interview you for about 15 minutes about
1. Pick a study done using individuals as the unit of analysis. Redesign it to take advantage of a group-level perspective. What are your key considerations?
5. How many telephone callers will you hire for this project?
5. Log on to the OHRP Web site (www.hhs.gov/ohrp/ humansubjects/guidance/decisioncharts.htm) and review the decision charts presented there to determine if a project you are considering needs review
Exercise 1a. Think of a construct or variable that interests you. Try to keep your construct benign (or covering nonsensitive material) because you will eventually need to ask some of your friends or
Exercise 2 In this exercise, you will be creating an e-mail survey and exploring some of the problems encountered with embedding a survey into an e-mail. You may use either the short survey that you
Exercise 3 This exercise is designed to introduce you to Web surveying. If you do not have access to WebCT, you might try exploring one of the survey software demo programs listed at the end of this
1. Background: As a researcher in a research institute, you are requested to find out, from the point of view of corporate safety directors, what is the greatest workplace safety concern they have in
2. Following the same background scenario, where will you obtain the telephone numbers for these safety managers? How do you select and generate sampling pools?How many participants do you plan to
3. What are the methods you plan to use in order to maximize the response rate?
4. Write a short paragraph that would be read to the participants regarding their privacy, confidentiality, and right to refuse, and which encourages their participation.
2. Transcribing and Interpreting Texts Tape record an interview and transcribe a 10-minute portion of the tape. What issues came up in transcribing the interview? What decisions did you have to make
What is empathy? Describe how it is related to prejudice.
Debate the following proposition: The consequences of intergroup anxiety should not be considered to be prejudice because it is normal for people to feel anxious when they are in new situations, such
What is intergroup anxiety? What causes it? Explain the process by which intergroup anxiety leads to prejudice.
What role do individual differences in sensitivity to emotion play in the relationship of emotions to stereotyping and prejudice?
Describe Cuddy and colleagues’ (2007) model of the relationship between emotions and prejudice. What implications does this model have for understanding prejudice?
What are social ideologies? In what ways do right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and political orientation fit the definition of an ideology? In what ways do they
Debate the following proposition: Political conservatism may be a convenient mask for prejudices that have nothing to do with political beliefs.
Describe the relationship between political liberalism and prejudice.
Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and prejudice. What explanations have been offered to account for that relationship? Do you agree or disagree with
In what ways are the concepts of SDO and right-wing authoritarianism similar? In what ways are they different?
Do you think that those attitudes and behaviors have increased or decreased over the past five years? Explain your answers.
How common do you think RWA and related attitudes and behaviors are in your country?
Explain the concept of legitimizing myths and the role it plays in the relationship between SDO and prejudice.
Describe the characteristics of people high in SDO that may predispose them to prejudice.
Explain the concept of social dominance orientation (SDO).
Do you think that those attitudes and behaviors have increased or decreased over the past five years? Explain your answers.
How common do you think RWA and related attitudes and behaviors are in your country?
Explain the role authority figures play in shaping the prejudices of people high in RWA.
Describe the characteristics of people high in RWA that may predispose them to prejudice.
Explain authoritarianism as conceptualized by Adorno and his colleagues (1950) and by Altemeyer (1981). In what ways are those conceptualizations similar and in what ways do they differ?
What did Allport (1954) mean when he wrote that “Piety may … be a convenient mask for prejudices which … have nothing to do with religion” (p. 447)?
Frank Bruni (2015) wrote that “Religion is going to be the final holdout and most stubborn refuge for homophobia.” Does the research described in this chapter support or refute his claim? Explain
Explain the concepts of intrinsic, extrinsic, and fundamentalist religious orientation. In theory, how should each be related to prejudice? What has research shown about how each is related to
What is meant by proscribed and permitted prejudices? We used racial prejudice as an example of a proscribed prejudice and anti-gay prejudice as an example of a permitted prejudice. What other
Allport (1954) wrote that religion makes and unmakes prejudice. What did he mean by that? What light has research shed on his statement?
Describe the terror management theory explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice.
Describe the attribution-value explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice. How are perceptions of a group’s naturalness and essentialism related to this process?
Explain how the perception of value dissimilarity can lead to prejudice. What individual difference variables are related to this process?
What are values? Describe the value orientations that have been studied in relation to prejudice. How is each related to prejudice? What processes have linked each value orientation to prejudice?
Although old fashioned prejudice is no longer socially acceptable, it persists. Think of an example of old-fashioned prejudice that you have encountered in your own life. Did it include elements of
This chapter has described a number of examples of contemporary prejudices. What other examples can you think of? Which forms of prejudice do your examples represent?Explain how they fit the
Describe Kleinpenning and Hagendoorn’s (1993) continuum of prejudices.
Why do you think that so little research has been conducted on nonprejudice compared to the vast amount of research on prejudice? Similarly, why do think that so little research has been conducted on
What are the characteristics of unprejudiced people that researchers have identified? Are there any other characteristics that you think might describe unprejudiced people? Explain your reasoning.
Have you observed or experienced instances of benevolent prejudice? If so, describe them.
What is benevolent prejudice? Glick and Fiske (2001) propose that benevolent prejudice has the same net effect of hostile prejudice of restraining its targets’ freedom. Do you agree or disagree?
Some researchers think that response amplification is a conscious choice whereas others think it arises from unconscious processes. Which do you think is true? What are your reasons for taking that
What is response amplification? Under what circumstances does positive amplification occur and under what circumstances does negative amplification occur? How are these circumstances similar to and
Explain the concept of ambivalent prejudice. What causes ambivalence? What psychological effects does ambivalence have?
Several criticisms have been made of the concept of modern-symbolic prejudice. These include (Tarman & Sears, 2005): (a) Modern-symbolic prejudice is not a new form of prejudice; it is just
Describe the effects that modern-symbolic prejudice has on the behavior of people who exhibit that form of prejudice.
Explain the two meanings that the term “equality” can have.
Describe the psychological bases of modern-symbolic prejudice.
Describe the five themes that characterize modern-symbolic prejudice.
What is modern-symbolic prejudice? How does it differ from old-fashioned prejudice? In what ways is it similar to old-fashioned prejudice?

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