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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

Considering the results from the studies on evaluative feedback and the work by Dweck on teachers’ attributions for performance, what is the best way to provide feedback to children? To adults?
What are some of the ways to reduce stereotype threat?
Which is more adaptive: women’s or men’s response to evaluative feedback?
Of all the ideas discussed in this chapter, which do you find to be most convincing as an explanation of why women do not pursue STEM careers to the extent that men do?
Discuss the evidence in favor of and against a “fear of success” in women.What would be a good way to examine this issue today?
Apply Deaux and Major’s model to a specific behavior. Review each of the steps in the model shown in Figure 5.13.
Debate the advantages and disadvantages of raising a gender aschematic child.
Distinguish between social learning theory and cognitive development theory.How does gender schema theory integrate the two?
How do the roles women and men hold in society contribute to agentic and communal behavior?
What is the masculine mystique?
Give some specific examples of how our culture models and reinforces violence.
How are gender roles portrayed in the media?
If you were going to develop a study to determine whether parents treat sons and daughters differently, how would you go about developing this study? In particular, what specific behaviors would you
For which sex differences in cognition and behavior do hormones seem to play the largest role?
Which theory of gender is most difficult to test? Easiest to test?
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each theory of gender introduced in this chapter.
How are identity and intimacy related for men and women today? Should Erikson’s theory be modified?
Do women and men define morality differently?
How could you test the theory of “erotic plasticity”?
What are some moderator variables of sex differences in aggression?
What are some of the methodological problems in making sex comparisons in social behavior?
Which cognitive differences between women and men seem most likely due to environmental factors, and which seem most likely due to biological factors?
Among the cognitive domains examined, which sex differences seem to be disappearing with time, and which seem to have persisted?
What are some common moderator variables across sex comparisons in math, verbal, and spatial skills?
For which of the cognitive domains is there the most evidence of sex differences? Sex similarities?
After reading one of the meta-analytic reviews cited in this chapter, what are some of the details on the procedures used, and what are some more specific findings?
How can gender-role stereotypes be harmful? Can they ever be helpful?
In what ways does it seem that stereotypes of women and men have changed?In what ways are they the same?
What could you do to prevent backlash?
A majority of studies on gender-role stereotypes have been conducted on Caucasian, middle-class adults, typically college students. In what ways have these samples limited our research?
Why is it difficult to change gender-role stereotypes? How would you go about trying to change someone’s gender-role stereotype?
How do gender-role stereotypes relate to self-perceptions of gender role discussed in Chapter 2?
What demographic and personality variables would you expect to be related to homophobia and transphobia?
What are the hidden negative consequences of benevolent sexism?
What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?
In what areas have attitudes toward men’s and women’s roles become less traditional over time, and in what areas have they remained unchanged?
What are some areas of gender-role strain for men and women today?
Discuss the concepts of agency, communion, unmitigated agency, and unmitigated communion. How would you expect these constructs to be related to one another?
What are some of the weaknesses and strengths of the instruments that have been used to measure masculinity and femininity?
Describe the greatest difficulty you believe researchers face when studying gender. What is the best precaution to take against this difficulty?
If you have ever been in an experiment, discuss some of the ways that knowing you were in an experiment influenced your behavior.
Identify behaviors you think might be interpreted differently when displayed by a female versus a male. For each one, explain why.
What is the difference between random assignment and random sampling?How is each related to internal and external validity?
Describe a scientific theory with which you are familiar. It does not have to be from psychology; it could be from biology or physics, for example. Go through the stages of the research process shown
How can the use of sexist language be harmful?
What do you think should be the primary concerns of today’s women’s movement?
Why hasn’t any one men’s movement gained the strength of the women’s movement?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of comparing women and men.
What are some ways to determine if one sex has a higher status than another sex in a given culture?
What are the implications for research if there were more than two genders?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the way that gender is portrayed in other cultures?
How would you expect feminists to react to transgender individuals? In particular, discuss the Caitlyn Jenner cover of Vanity Fair.
Describe a personal experience of intrarole or interrole conflict with respect to gender.
What is the distinction between sex and gender? How do you think this distinction should be employed in practice?
2. Immunosuppression refers to .a. the activation of the immune system when we are faced with a stressorb. a reduction in the activity of the immune systemc. the immune system’s ability to survive
1. You are more vulnerable to illness during which stage of Selye’s stress response model?a. Alarm reactionb. Resistancec. Rejuvenationd. Exhaustion
4. You are a researcher testing the effect of stress as measured by major life events on one’s health as measured by the number of times a person gets sick during a 12-month period. In this
3. Getting stuck in traffic on your way to a job interview is an example of a .a. daily hassleb. major life eventc. catastrophed. stress response
2. Which of the following does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale consider the most stressful major life event for adults?a. A jail termb. Death of a spousec. Divorced. Pregnancy
3. Eniesha was shopping at the mall when she heard a person yelling angrily close by. Eniesha turned around to see who was yelling and saw that two adults were arguing. So Eniesha went back to her
4. The stress response experienced by women may be better characterized as , primarily due to the hormone called .a. “tend and befriend”; oxytocinb. “tend and befriend”; estrogenc. “fight
1. Which of the following is not a health-promoting behavior?a. Viewing stressors as challenges rather than as threatsb. Perceiving events as controllablec. Relying exclusively on one defense
2. Pedro has experienced an intense, burning sensation during urination and a thick, yellowish penile discharge. Pedro most likely has which STI?a. Gonorrheab. Genital herpesc. Genital wartsd. HPV
3. Which of the following people is most likely to report being the happiest?a. Haifa, who is extremely wealthy, has a few close friends, and focuses on negative experiencesb. Sam, who is moderately
4. Which one of the following statements is true?a. Collectivistic cultures most value personal happiness.b. Higher well-being is associated with solitary pursuits.c. Skipping breakfast helps to
1. Which of the following events is likely to produce the most stress for the average person?a. Losing your job after months of talk about a buyoutb. Losing your job without any warningc. Quitting
2. Which of the following is not considered a major life event?a. Marriageb. Losing your jobc. Buying a homed. Being late to work
1. You go to the dentist and find out that you have to get a tooth extracted. The only time the dentist can schedule your appointment is at the same time as a traffic court appointment. This
12.5 Identify the factors that contribute to happiness and well-being.
12.1 Distinguish among the four types of conflict situations, and give examples of each. (APA 1.2, 1.3)
12.2 Discuss the role of cognitive appraisal in the biological stress response. (APA 1.2, 5.1)
12.2 Explain the HPA axis and how the body responds to stress and how this physiological response may vary in males and females. (APA 1.1, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3)
12.2 Discuss how the stress response influences immunity to disease. (APA 1.2, 2.1, 5.1)
12.3 Distinguish between problem-focused and emotionfocused coping styles, providing examples of each.(APA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
12.3 Describe adaptive ways to manage stress, and explain how these techniques influence the stress response and one’s health. (APA 1.3, 5.1)
12.4 Discriminate among Type A, Type B, Type C, and Type D personalities, and critically examine the research on the relationship between these personality types and health. (APA 1.1, 2.1, 3.2)
12.4 Define learned helplessness, and explain its influence on stress and health. (APA 1.1, 1.3, 5.1)
12.4 Explain the three factors of a hardy personality and its relationship to stress and coping. (APA 1.2, 3.2)
12.5 Identify health-defeating behaviors, and describe how alcohol use and smoking negatively influence health. (APA 1.2, 1.3, 5.1)
12.5 Discriminate among the various sexually transmitted infections, understanding their causes, modes of transmission, and treatment options.(APA 1.1, 1.2, 3.3)
12.5 Identify health-promoting behaviors, and apply how physical activity, eating habits, and sleep influence stress and health. (APA 1.3, 5.1)
12.1 Define stress, and discriminate among the four types of stressors. (APA 1.1, 1.3)
3. The adrenal gland secretes which two hormones during the stress response?a. Adrenaline and corticosteroidsb. Adrenaline and GABAc. Corticosteroids and insulind. Insulin and GABA
18. Florangel feels really stressed. Her child was up most of the night coughing. She has a major project due for her Economics course, and she is not sure if she will have enough money to pay her
19. When Alexandra gets in a fight with her partner, she stomps her feet, covers her ears, and refuses to listen.Alexandra’s behavior best illustrates the defense mechanism called .a. regressionb.
20. The research on personality and health investigates if any specific personality traits are associated with specific health conditions. This is an example of research.a. case studyb.
1. What defense mechanisms do you think are more often employed by people who engage in health-defeating behaviors?Provide examples to illustrate and support your answer.
2. Using your own behavior, give an example of each of the following defense mechanisms: projection, denial, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation.
3. Using your own behavior, give an example of each of the conflict situations discussed in the section on stress and stressors in this chapter. How did you respond to each of these situations?
4. Develop a formal time schedule to better manage your time. First create a chart showing all the hours in a day and all the days of the week. Block out all those times that are already committed,
1. Review the four types of learning detailed in Chapter 6.Integrate and apply the theories to explain why people smoke cigarettes or engage in unsafe sex practices.
2. After reviewing the processes of memory in Chapter 7, suggest how learned helplessness can be explained as a process of memory.
3. What obstacles or aids to problem solving (Chapter 8) can be linked to maladaptive and adaptive forms of coping?
4. Integrating information from Chapters 4, 6, and 12, develop an anti-alcohol campaign that addresses the effects of alcohol (Chapter 4), the learning processes that accompany alcohol use (Chapter
5. Given that pregnancy is a stressor, how might women best cope with the immediate changes associated with pregnancy and childbirth, as well as the transition to parenthood (Chapter 9)? What might
17. Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to happiness?a. Social supportb. Cultural normsc. Wealthd. Eating breakfast
16. Jeffrey has been feeling like he has the flu. He also has noticed reddish bumps around his genital area.Jeffrey most likely has which STI?a. Gonorrheab. Genital herpesc. Syphilisd. Chlamydia
4. Cecilia feels stressed from her full-time job and taking care of her two children. Cecilia finds a more flexible job that allows her to spend more time with her children. Which style of coping
5. Which of the following behaviors promotes health and well-being?a. Perceiving events as controllableb. Engaging in defense mechanismsc. Expecting failured. All of these help your health
6. Ryan can’t decide whether to vacation in the mountains or at the beach. Ryan is experiencing a(n) .a. approach-avoidance conflictb. approach-approach conflictc. avoidance-avoidance conflictd.

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