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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

How could you test the fixed role obligations hypothesis today?
Why are nurturant roles hazardous to health?
What are some of the reasons that women report more pain than men?
Given our culture’s increasing health consciousness, in particular, the emphasis on diet and exercise, why do you think rates of obesity have increased?
Discuss how sex differences in smoking, drinking alcohol, and drug usage have changed over time.
What are the reasons that women are less successful than men in quitting smoking?
Which health behaviors pose greater risks to women’s health, and which health behaviors pose greater risk to men’s health?
Under what conditions do you believe physicians are more or less likely to make a similar diagnosis in a male and a female who present with the same symptoms of heart disease?
How do sex and race influence the leading causes of death?
What are the reasons that people who cohabit before marriage are more likely to divorce than people who did not cohabit before marriage?
What is the evidence for and against the proposition that men are more upset by sexual than emotional infidelity?
In what ways is the demand/withdraw pattern influenced by culture?
What does it mean that women are the “emotional barometer” in a relationship?
What are the differences in the way men and women interact when discussing conflict?
If the majority of men held the male gender role and the majority of women held the female gender role, describe the nature of lesbian relationships, gay relationships, and heterosexual relationships.
What kinds of problems might be unique to homosexual couples?Heterosexual couples?
Knowing what you do about gender roles in relationships, how would you predict that gay men’s relationships would differ from lesbians’relationships?
Why do women demand and men withdraw?
Which sex is more romantic? Why?
How do men and women view the relation of sex to love?
What are the similarities and differences in women’s and men’s mate preferences?
How do marriage and work affect men’s and women’s friendships?
What are some critical normative life events that affect friendship? Are the effects for women and men the same?
What does the research on same-sex friendship and cross-sex friendship lead you to predict about friendship among gay men and lesbians?
What are the challenges that crosssex friendships face?
In what ways are cross-sex friendships similar to and different from same-sex friendships?
Describe how the way a culture construes the roles of women and men could affect their friendships.
Discuss competition in the context of friendship. Do you believe that it is healthy or unhealthy?
Why are females’ relationships considered to be more fragile than those of males?
What inhibits men’s self-disclosure to other men?
What person and situation variables influence self-disclosure?
What role do self-disclosure and shared activities play in men’s and women’s friendships?
How should we determine the answer to the previous question? How would you define a friend?
Whose relationships are closer:men’s or women’s? Why?
What are the implications of the different attributions people make for women’s and men’s emotions?
How would you determine whether men or women are more emotional?
What is the best leadership style for women to adopt? Under what circumstances?
Why are women more easily influenced than men? Is this an advantage or a disadvantage for women?
Imagine you are studying patient–physician communication. What other variables would be important to know besides the sex of the participants?
Which sex differences in language and nonverbal behavior are best explained by status theory, and which are best explained by social role theory?
What are some of the moderator variables of sex comparisons in language?
What are some of the factors that affect men’s and women’s interaction styles?
From what you have learned in this chapter, in what ways do you expect girls’ and boys’ online behavior to be similar? To be different?
Discuss girls’ and boys’ different play styles and explanations of their origins.
Compare laboratory and field research on sex differences in communication. In which areas of communication do you expect laboratory research and field research to come to different conclusions?
What could be done to reduce gender bias in the classroom?
What do you believe are the major advantages and disadvantages of single-sex classrooms?
What are some of the specific ways in which parents’ beliefs about their children’s abilities could influence their children’s actual abilities?
Consider the expectancy/value model of achievement. In what domains would you predict that women and men would have similar expectancies and values, and in what domains would you predict that women
Given what you have learned about the different ways women and men define their core selves, what would you predict influences women’s and men’s self-esteem?
Considering the results from the studies on evaluative feedback and the work by Dweck on teachers’ attributions for performance, what is the best way to provide feedback to children? To adults?
Under what circumstances would you expect women and men to make similar versus different attributions for their performance?
Which is more adaptive: women’s or men’s response to evaluative feedback?
Of all the ideas discussed in this chapter, which do you find to be most convincing as an explanation of why women do not pursue STEM careers to the extent that men do?
Discuss the evidence in favor of and against a “fear of success” in women.What would be a good way to examine this issue today?
Apply Deaux and Major’s model to a specific behavior. Review each of the steps in the model shown in Figure 5.12.
Debate the advantages and disadvantages of raising a gender aschematic child.
Distinguish between social learning theory and cognitive development theory. How does gender schema theory integrate the two?
How do the roles women and men hold in society contribute to agentic and communal behavior?
What is the masculine mystique?
Give some specific examples of how our culture models and reinforces violence.
How are gender roles portrayed in the media?
If you were going to develop a study to determine whether parents treat sons and daughters differently, how would you go about developing this study? In particular, what specific behaviors would you
For which sex differences in cognition and behavior does biology seem to play the largest role?
Which theory of gender is most difficult to test? Easiest to test?
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each theory of gender introduced in this chapter.
How are identity and intimacy related for men and women today?Should Erikson’s theory be modified?
Do women and men define morality differently?
What are some moderator variables of sex differences in aggression?
What are some of the methodological problems in making sex comparisons in social behavior?
Which cognitive differences between women and men seem most likely due to environmental factors, and which seem most likely due to biological factors?
To What does the sex difference in variability refer?
Among the cognitive domains examined, which sex differences seem to be disappearing with time, and which seem to have persisted?
What are some common moderator variables of sex differences in math, verbal, and spatial skills?
For which of the cognitive domains is there the most evidence of sex differences? Sex similarities?
After reading one of the metaanalytic reviews cited in this chapter, what are some of the details on the procedures used and what are some more specific findings?
How can gender-role stereotypes be harmful? Can they ever be helpful?
In what ways does it seem that stereotypes of women and men have changed? In what ways, are they the same?
A majority of studies on gender-role stereotypes have been conducted on Caucasian, middle-class adults, typically college students. In what ways have these samples limited our research?
Why is it difficult to change gender-role stereotypes? How would you go about trying to change someone’s gender-role stereotype?
How do gender-role stereotypes relate to self-perceptions of gender role discussed in Chapter 2 ?
What demographic and personality variables would you expect to be related to homophobia and transphobia?
Who is most likely to hold benevolent sexist beliefs?
What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?
In what areas have attitudes toward men’s and women’s roles become less traditional over time, and in what areas have they remained unchanged?
What are some areas of gender-role strain for men and women today?
Discuss the concepts of agency, communion, unmitigated agency, and unmitigated communion. How would you expect these constructs to be related to one another?
What are some of the weaknesses and strengths of the instruments that have been used to measure masculinity and femininity?
Describe the greatest difficulty you believe researchers face when studying gender. What is the best precaution to take against this difficulty?
If you have ever been in an experiment, discuss some of the ways that just knowing you were in an experiment influenced your behavior.
Identify behaviors you think might be interpreted differently when displayed by a female versus a male.For each one, explain why.
What is the difference between random assignment and random sampling? How is each related to internal and external validity?
Describe a scientific theory with which you are familiar. It does not have to be from psychology; it could be from biology or physics, for example. Go through the stages of the research process shown
How can the use of sexist language be harmful?
Why hasn’t any one men’s movement gained the strength of the women’s movement?
Do you think we should be comparing women and men? Why or why not?
How can we determine whether men have higher status than women in a given culture?
What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the way that gender is portrayed in other cultures?
Describe a personal experience of intrarole or interrole conflict with respect to gender.
What is the distinction between sex and gender? How do you think this distinction should be employed in practice?

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