Research Methods For Leisure And Tourism A Practical Guide 3rd Edition A. J. Veal - Solutions

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Conduct a survey of students using the questionnaire in Figure 9.19; and analyse the data using SPSS, following the analyses procedures outlined in this chapter.
Repeat each of the procedures in exercise 1 using at least one different variable in each procedure.
The major exercise for this chapter is to replicate the SPSS analyses presented in the chapter.This can be done by typing the data and variable definition data in Figures 11.4 and 11.5, and carrying out the instructions for the various procedures in the chapter.
What are the two methods for obtaining means in SPSS?
Why might an analyst wish to recode variables?
Outline the characteristics of the two types of multiple response question.
What is the advantage of using an uncoded format for a scale variable in a questionnaire, rather than coding it into groups?
Explain the difference between nominal, ordinal and scale variables and give examples.
Examine the results from a national recreation participation survey or a domestic or international tourism survey and produce confidence intervals for a number of the key findings.
In the example comparing bowling and tennis on page 291 above, what would the confidence intervals be if the sample size was 4,000?
Using the report used in exercise 1, produce confidence intervals for a range of percentage statistics occurring in the report.
Examine either a published research report or a journal article related to an empirical study and identify the procedures used to ensure a random sample.
What methods are available for qualitative sampling?
What is weighting?
What determines the size of the sample to be used in a study?
What is a confidence interval?
What is multi-stage sampling and why is it used?
What is the opposite of a random/representative sample?
Define random sampling.
Locate a published research report or thesis which includes a questionnaire survey and contains a copy of the questionnaire used (usually in an appendix) and provide a critique of the questionnaire design.
If you are a member of a leisure/tourism class, invite members of the class to complete the questionnaire in Case study 9.1 (p. 279) and devise a coding system for the answers to open-ended questions based on the answers obtained.
Design a question on people’s attitudes towards legalisation of drugs, using three alternative question formats.
Design a questionnaire in relation to one of the studies discussed in Case studies 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3, limiting the questionnaire to ten questions only.
What is the difference between pre-coded and open-ended questions and what are the advantages and disadvantages of the two formats?
What principles should be followed in wording questions in questionnaires?
What measures might be used to increase response rates in mail surveys?
What is quota sampling?
What type of survey would you conduct for a sample of 500 of the following:a. Tourists visiting a seaside resortb. Members of ‘Greenpeace’c. The users of a theatred. The users of a large urban parke. Overseas visitors to Great Britainf. People who do not play sport g. People who play sport h.
List three of these questionnaire survey types and outline their characteristics in terms of:respondent- or interviewer-completion, cost, nature of the sample, possible length of questionnaire, and likely response rate.
Seven types of questionnaire survey are discussed in the chapter, what are they?
What are the merits of questionnaire surveys?
Arrange to view a copy of Cannibal Tours and discuss the film in the light of MacCannell’s(1993) essay on the film. Or, view any Disney cartoon film and discuss it in relation to Rojek’s (1993) paper.
Using the issues of a newspaper for one week, provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the coverage of a topic of interest, such as: the environment, ethnic minorities, women and sport or overseas locations.
If you are studying with others, organise yourselves into groups of five or six and organise a focus-group interview, with one person as facilitator, choosing a topic of mutual interest, such as ‘the role of education and qualifications in the leisure/tourism industries’ or ‘holiday choice
Use the checklist in Appendix 8.1 to interview a willing friend or colleague. Assess your performance as an interviewer.
Select an example of a quantitative and a qualitative research report from a recent edition of one of the leisure or tourism journals and consider whether the qualitative research project could have been approached using quantitative methods and whether the quantitative project could have been
Run the NVivo tutorials included with the package, particularly exploring features of NVivo not presented in this chapter.
Download from the book website (www.business.uts.uts.edu.au/lst/books) the three transcript files for the ‘Leisure choice’ project used above – or type them out from Figure 8.6 –and replicate the coding and analyses presented above. This can be done manually or by using NVivo.
What is the difference between a ‘tree node’ and a ‘free node’ in NVivo?
What is the difference between a ‘node’ and a ‘document’ in NVivo?
What word-processing procedures might be used in ‘manual’ analysis of qualitative data?
What are the two major activities involved in manual analysis of qualitative data?
Why is the storage of qualitative data an ethical issue?
Name three types of biographical research.
In-depth interviews involve an interviewer: what is the equivalent in a focus group?
Outline Whyte’s levels of interviewer intervention in an in-depth/informal interview.
Explain the difference between sequential and recursive approaches to research.
Outline some of the merits of qualitative data.
Use photographs to record examples of neglect or damage to leisure or tourism sites known to you.
In relation to exercise 2: conduct interviews with three or four visitors each hour, and ask them how long they have stayed, or expect to stay, at the site. Establish the average length of stay and, using this information and the data from exercise 2, estimate the number of persons visiting the
Establish a counting system to record the number of people present in a leisure or tourism site at hourly intervals during the course of a day. Estimate the number of visitor-hours at the site for the day.
Select an informal leisure or tourism site, position yourself in an unobtrusive location, but where you can seen what is going on. Over a period of two hours, record what happens.Write a report on: how the site is used; who it is used by; how many people use it; what conflicts there are, if any,
How can observational research findings assist in regard to weighting of survey data?
In what forms can data from observational research be presented?
What is the difference between spot counting and continuous counting?
In total, eight leisure or tourism situations are described where observation is a suitable, and sometimes the most suitable, form of research. Name three of these situations and explain in each case why observation is a suitable research method.
Four types of observational research are identified at the beginning of the chapter. What are they?
Select an activity from the General Household Survey, or equivalent local survey, and provide a profile of the activity, indicating the overall level of participation and how participation is related to age, gender, occupation and education.
Undertake an exercise similar to Case study 6.4 on a leisure facility for which you can obtain user/member address data.
Undertake an exercise similar to Case study 6.3 on a leisure facility for which you can obtain usage data.
Refer to the quarterly inbound tourism statistics for the last ten years and produce a trend line of the sort outlined in Case study 6.2.
In relation to exercise 1, what would be the implications of a predicted increase of 15 per cent in the number of people aged 60 and over and a 15 per cent decrease in the number of people aged 25 and under, over the next five years?
Take a leisure activity of your own choice, and a community of your own choice and, using data from the General Household Survey, or equivalent, and data from the census, provide an estimate of the likely demand for the activity in the selected community, using the methodology outlined in Case
What sorts of secondary data are used in the gross demand/market share approach to planning?
This chapter lists seven types of ‘documentary’ source. What are they?
This chapter lists nine sources of ‘management data’. What are they?
What are the names of the main surveys conducted in your country related to the following?n Leisure participation n Domestic tourism n International tourism n Household expenditure.
What are some of the issues to be considered when using data from leisure participation surveys?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of secondary data analysis?
Choose a research topic and:a. investigate the literature using a library computerised catalogue and any other electronic database available to you;b. explore the literature via literary sources, such as reference lists and indexes in general textbooks, journal contents and lists of references in
Compile an inclusive bibliography on a topic of your choice, using the sources outlined in this chapter.
What is a ‘secondhand’ reference?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the author/date referencing system compared with the footnote/endnote system?
What is the difference between conducting a literature review for the purpose of writing an essay compared with providing the context for a research project?
Name three different sources of bibliographical information and their advantages and limitations.
What are the potential uses of the literature review in research?
Interview one person concerning their consumption habits with regard to one class of leisure or tourism products or services – for example, entertainment, alcoholic drink, air travel. Explore the subject’s motivations and rationale for choice of brands. As this is a case study, we might expect
A number of leisure/tourism-related multi-national companies have attracted media and research attention over the years – often of a critical nature. Examples are Nike (as discussed in Case study 4.1) because of its employment practices, McDonald’s because of the nutritional levels of its food,
Read and critically evaluate, from a methodological perspective, the original report of one of the case studies presented in this chapter.
If case study research cannot generalise to a wider population, what can it do?
What are the characteristics which distinguish case study research?
What is triangulation and why is it used in research?
Define each of the following:a. Coupon surveys/conversion studiesb. En route/intercept surveysc. Time-budget surveysd. Experience Sampling Method (ESM)e. Panel studiesf. Longitudinal studies g. Media-sponsored surveys h. Action research i. Historical research j. Textual analysis k. The Delphi
What is ‘scholarship’?
Write a case study, similar in structure and length to Case studies 3.1 or 3.2, on a topic of your own choice.
Draw a concept map for a possible research project on either:a. the effects of American culture on British leisure; orb. the effects of the ageing of the population on trends in tourism in Western countries.
Select any article from a copy of a leisure or tourism journal and:a. identify the key concepts used in the article; andb. draw a simple concept map to show how the concepts are related.
Select three articles from an issue of a leisure or tourism journal and identify the basis of their choice of research topic.
What are the differences between a self-generated research proposal and a responsive research proposal and what implications do they have for the content of the two types of proposal?
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
What is a conceptual framework?
What is meant by ‘operationalisation’ of a concept?
What is a concept?
In this chapter, it is suggested that a research topic might arise from five different sources – what are the five sources?
Select one of the following topics and examine it from the point of view of three different disciplines:a. the impact of tourism on the host community;b. inequalities in sports participation;c. inequalities in participation in the arts;d. the rise of ‘special interest’ tourism;e. the effects of
Using either Leisure Studies or Annals of Tourism Research, take an issue of the journal at two-yearly intervals over 10 or 12 years and summarise the apparent change over time in the topics addressed and methods used in the articles.
Using the same journal issue as in exercise 1, determine whether the articles are:a. empirical or non-empirical;b. deductive or inductive;c. positivist or interpretive.
Examine any issue of either Leisure Studies or Annals of Tourism Research and classify the articles into disciplinary areas. Contrast the key questions which each article is addressing.
What are validity and reliability?
What are the basic differences between qualitative and quantitative research?

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