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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions
Explain what is meant by unimodal, bimodal, and multimodal distributions.
Explain how the mean mathematically balances the distribution.
The mean can be assessed visually and arithmetically.Describe each method.
Define the three measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
Go to http://maps.google.com/. On a map of your country, click on the traffic button.a. How is the density and flow of traffic represented on this graph?b. Describe traffic patterns in different regions of your country.c. What are the benefits of this interactive graph?
The gray line in Figure 3-20 depicts the Mental Health Index for a fictional client in relation to several benchmarks. Use the information supplied in Figure 3-20 to answer the following questions:a. Describe the trajectory of the client’s Mental Health Index over the course of the therapy
The American Psychological Association (APA) compiles many statistics about training and careers in the field of psychology. The accompanying graph tracks the numbers of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees between the years 1970 and 2000.
The Yerkes–Dodson graph demonstrates that graphs can be used to describe theoretical relations that can be tested. In a study that could be applied to the career decisions made during college, Gilovich and Medvec(1995) identified two types of regrets—regrets of action and regrets of
Find an article in the popular media (newspaper, magazine, Web site) that includes a graph in addition to the text.a. Briefly summarize the main point of the article and graph.b. What are the independent and dependent variables depicted in the graph? What kind of variables are they? If nominal,
What advice would you give to the creators of each of the following graphs? Consider the basic guidelines for a clear graph, chartjunk, and the seven lies of statistics.Give three pieces of advice for each graph. Be specific—don’t just say there’s chartjunk; say exactly what you’d change.
Give an example of a study—real or hypothetical—in the social sciences that might display its data using the following types of graphs. State your independent variable(s) and dependent variable, including levels for any nominal variables.a. Frequency polygonb. Line graph (line of best fit)c.
The 2000 National Doctoral Program Survey asked 32,000 current and recent PhD students in the United States, across all disciplines, to respond to the statement“I am satisfied with my advisor.” The researchers calculated the percentage of students who responded“agree” or “strongly
The National Survey on Student Engagement (NSSE)has surveyed more than 400,000 students—freshmen and seniors—at 730 U.S. schools since 1999. Among the many questions on the NSSE, students were asked how often they “participated in a community-based project as part of a regular course.” For
Consider the data on alumni donations presented in Exercise 3.37.a. Explain how these data could be presented as a pictorial graph. (Note that you do not have to construct such a graph.) What kind of picture could you use? What would it look like?b. What are the potential pitfalls of a pictorial
Refer to the study described in Exercise 3.39.a. Why would a time series plot be inappropriate for these data? What would a time series plot suggest about the mentoring trend for clinical psychology graduate students and for experimental psychology graduate students?b. For four time
Johnson, Koch, Fallow, and Huwe (2000) conducted a study of mentoring in two types of psychology doctoral programs: experimental and clinical. Students who graduated from the two types of programs were asked whether they had a faculty mentor while in graduate school. In response, 48.00% of clinical
In How It Works 3.2 and 3.3, we created a bar graph and a Pareto chart for the 2004 GDP, in trillions of U.S.dollars, of each of the G8 nations.a. Explain the difference between a Pareto chart and a bar graph.b. What is the benefit of the Pareto chart over the bar graph?
U.S. Universities are concerned with increasing the percentage of alumni who donate to the school because alumni donation rate is a factor in the U.S. News & World Report university rankings. What factors might play a role in alumni donation rates? Although we could test numerous variables, let’s
The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI)is a nonprofit organization that compiles data from a range of institutions—from governmental organiza -tions to hospitals to universities. Among the many topics that interest public health specialists is the problem of low levels of organ
The Group of Eight (G8) consists of most of the major world economic powers. It meets annually to discuss pressing world problems. In 2005, for example, the agenda included global warming, poverty in Africa, and terrorism. Decisions made by G8 nations can have a global impact; in fact, the eight
Every summer, the touring company America-byBicycle conducts its Cross-Country Challenge, a sevenweek bicycle journey across the United States from San Francisco to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. At some point during the trip, the exhausted cyclists usually start to complain that the organizers are
An epidemiologist determined male suicide rates for 20 countries. For example, in 1996, the rate of male suicide in the United States was approximately 19.3 per 100,000 men, while in China that rate was approximately 15.9.a. What are the variables in this study?b. Are the variables nominal,
A social worker tracked the depression levels of clients being treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. For each client, depression was assessed at weeks 1 to 20 of therapy. She calculated a mean for all her clients at week 1, week 2, and so on, all the way through week 20.a. What
A social psychologist studied the effect of height on perceived overall attractiveness. Students were recruited to come to a research laboratory in pairs. They were left to sit in the waiting room for several minutes and then were brought to separate rooms, where their heights were measured. They
The colors in the bubble graph in Next Steps: Multivariable Graphs represent the geographic region within which the country lies. Using this information, what is the relation between income and geographic region?
Based on the data in the bubble graph in Next Steps:Multivariable Graphs, what is the relation between income and life expectancy?
The Murder Ink Map on p. 66 depicts the location of murders in the city of Baltimore in a given year. Each pushpin represents a murder.a. Using the map, approximately how many murders took place to the east of Interstate 83?b. Using the map, approximately how many murders took place to the west of
If you had the following range of data for one of your variables, how might you label the relevant axis? 0.10 0.31 0.27 0.04 0.0 0.22 0.36 0.18
When creating a graph, we need to make a decision about the numbering of our axes. If you had the following range of data for one of your variables, how might you label the relevant axis?337 280 279 311 294 301 342 273
How would the comparisons between bars in Exercise 3.21 change if the y-axis started at 0?
Using the figure in Exercise 3.21, estimate graduate student enrollment, as a percentage of the total student population, in the following fall terms:a. 2003b. 2004c. 2006
What chartjunk is present in the figure in Exercise 3.21?
What is missing from the axes in the figure in Exercise 3.21?
Below is a figure presenting the number of graduate students enrolled at a university, across six fall terms, as a percentage of the total student population.a. What kind of visual display is this?b. What other type of visual display could have been used?
and 3.19?
What elements are missing from the graphs in Exercises
Would you describe these data as showing a linear, a nonlinear, or no relation? Explain.
You are exploring the relation between gender and video game performance, as measured by final scores on a game.a. In this study, what are the independent and dependent variables?b. Is gender a nominal, ordinal, or scale variable?c. Is final score a nominal, ordinal, or scale variable?d. Which
Alumni giving rates calculated as the number of alumni who donated and the number who did not donate in a given year represent what kind of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict these data?
Alumni giving rates calculated as the total dollars donated per year from 1999 to 2009 represent what kind of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict these data?
How does the bubble graph depicted in Next Steps:Multivariable Graphs differ from a traditional scatterplot?
How is the bubble graph depicted in Next Steps: Multivariable Graphs similar to a traditional scatterplot?
Geographical information systems (GIS), such as those provided by computerized graphing technologies, are particularly powerful tools for answering what kinds of research questions?˚
Chartjunk comes in many forms. What specifically are moiré vibrations, grids, and ducks?
Under what circumstances would your x-axis and y-axis not start at 0?
Why is it important to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable before creating a visual display?
Why are bar graphs preferred over pictorial graphs and pie charts?
What are pictorial graphs and pie charts?
Bar graphs and histograms look very similar. In your own words, what is the difference between the two?
What is the difference between a bar graph and a Pareto chart?
What is the difference between a line graph and a time plot?
How can we tell whether two variables are linearly or nonlinearly related?
What are the steps to create a scatterplot?
What are the seven techniques discussed in this chapter for misleading with graphs?
a. Use the data in Exercise 2.46 to create a stem-andleaf plot.b. Refer to the stem-and-leaf plot you created in part(a). Do these data reflect a floor effect or a ceiling effect? Explain your answer.
Use the NBA data from Exercise 2.36 to create a stemand-leaf plot.
Below are two displays of the friends data described in Exercise 2.44, one for the students and one for the
Describe how the data in Exercises 2.44 and 2.46 are distributed.
Below is a subset of the data mentioned in Exercise 2.44.1 5 3 9 13 0 18 15 3 3 5 7 7 7 11 3 12 20 16 4 17 15 16 10 6 8 8 7 3 17a. Create a grouped frequency table for these data using seven groupings.b. Create a histogram of these grouped data.
Can you think of additional questions you might ask after reviewing the data displayed in Exercise 2.44?
A college student is interested in how many friends the average person has. She decides to count the number of people who appear in photographs on display in dorm rooms and offices across her campus. She collects data on 84 students and 33 faculty members. The data are presented below.a. What kind
The director of career services at a large university is offering training on résumé construction. In an effort to present up-to-date information, using 23 résumés he just reviewed for a receptionist position in his office, he counts the total number of words used. Here are the data:226 339 220
For each of the following types of data described below, what visual displays of data would be most appropriate to use? Explain your answer clearly.a. Eye color observed for 87 peopleb. Minutes used on a cell phone by 240 teenagersc. Time to complete the Boston Marathon for the nearly 22,000
For each of the types of data described below, would you present individual data values or grouped data when creating a frequency distribution? Explain your answer clearly.a. Eye color observed for 87 peopleb. Minutes used on a cell phone by 240 teenagersc. Time to complete the Boston Marathon for
Refer to the data and your work in Exercises 2.37 through 2.39.a. Write a summary describing the distribution of these data with respect to shape and direction of any skew.b. If you wanted the data to be normally distributed around 12 months, how would the data have to shift to fit that goal? How
Refer to the data in Exercise 2.37.a. Create a frequency polygon of the original data.b. Create a frequency polygon of the grouped data.
Refer to the data in Exercise 2.37.a. Create a histogram of the original data.b. Create a histogram of the grouped data.
The Centers for Disease Control and other organizations are interested in the health benefits of breast-feeding for infants. The National Immunization Survey includes questions about breast-feeding practices, including the question: “How long was [your child]breast-fed or fed breast milk?” The
Here are the numbers of wins for the 30 National Basketball Association teams for the 2004–2005 NBA season.45 43 42 33 33 54 47 44 42 30 59 45 36 18 13 52 49 44 27 26 62 50 37 34 34 59 58 51 45 18a. Create a grouped frequency table for these data.b. Create a histogram based on the grouped
Consider these three variables: finishing times in a marathon, number of university dining hall meals eaten in a semester on a three-meal-a-day plan, and scores on a scale of extroversion.a. Which of these variables is most likely to have a normal distribution? Explain your answer.b. Which of these
See the U.S. News & World Report data in Exercise 2.33.a. Create a grouped histogram for these data. Be careful when determining the midpoints of your intervals!b. Create a frequency polygon for these data.c. Examine these graphs and give a brief description of the distribution. Are there unusual
The associate directors for whom a statistician was consulting were interested in alumni donations, as are many schools, not only because they want the money but also because it is one of the criteria by which U.S. News &World Report ranks U.S. institutions of higher learning.U.S. News includes
Refer to the data in Exercise 2.30.a. Create a histogram for these data.b. At how many universities did students take, on average, 10 or more years to complete their doctorates?c. How are the data distributed?
Refer to the data in Exercise 2.29.a. Create a histogram of grouped data using five intervals.b. How many schools had 6% or more of their students reporting that they wrote between 5 and 10 20-page papers that year?c. How are the data distributed?
The Survey of Earned Doctorates regularly assesses the numbers and types of doctorates awarded at U.S. universities. It also provides data on the length of time, in years, it takes to complete a doctorate. Below is a modified list of this completion-time data, truncated to whole numbers (e.g., 8.7
The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE)surveys freshmen and seniors about their level of engagement in campus and classroom activities that enhance learning. More than 400,000 students at about 730 schools have completed surveys since 1999, the first year that the NSSE was administered.
a. Using the following set of data, construct a single stem-and-leaf plot: 3.5 2.0 4.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.5b. Refer to the stem-and-leaf plot you created for part(a). Does it depict a symmetric or a skewed distribution?
Refer to Table 2-9, which is a side-by-side comparison of the distributions for shower time for men and women.
Refer to Table 2-8 to answer the following:a. How many women reported spending 20 minutes in the shower?b. How many women reported spending 15 minutes in the shower?c. How many women reported spending 50 minutes in the shower?
A researcher collects data on the ages of college students. As you have probably observed, the distribution of age clusters around 19 to 22 years, but there are extremes on both the low end (high school prodigies)and the high end (nontraditional students returning to school).a. What type of skew
Would the data for number of murders by those convicted of the crime be an example of a floor or ceiling effect?
If the average person convicted of murder killed only one person, serial killers would represent what kind of skew?
Using the histogram in Figure 2-1, estimate how many countries had between two and ten first- or secondplace World Cup finishes.
Referring to the grouped frequency table in Table 2-7, how many children’s shows received pacing scores of 35 or higher?
A grouped frequency table has the following intervals:30–44, 45–59, 60–74. If converted into a histogram, what would the midpoint of each interval be?
If you have data that range from 2 to 68 and you want seven intervals in a grouped frequency table, list your intervals.
Referring to Exercise 2.17, list the six intervals.
For the range referenced in Exercise 2.16, what would the interval size be if we wanted six intervals?
On a test of marital satisfaction, scores could range from 0 to 27. What is the full range of data, according to the calculation procedure described in this chapter?
Throughout this book, final answers are reported to two decimal places. Report the following numbers this way:0.0391, 198.2219, and 17.886.
Counts are often converted to percentages. Convert 817 out of 22,140 into a percentage. Now convert 4009 out of 22,140 into a percentage. What type of variable(nominal, ordinal, or scale) are these data as counts?What kind of variable are they as percentages?
Convert the following to percentages: 7 out of 39; 122 out of 300.
What are potential benefits of using a stem-and-leaf plot as opposed to a histogram?
In what way are stem-and-leaf plots similar to histograms?
What are floor and ceiling effects?
How do positively skewed distributions and nega -tively skewed distributions deviate from a normal distribution?
What is a normal distribution?
In your own words, define the word distribution, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
What is the benefit of creating a visual distribution of data rather than simply looking at a list of the data?
What is the difference between a histogram and a frequency polygon?
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