Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 7th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Michael A Hitt - Solutions

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What is the basic difference between self-reported and observed data?
What is the basic difference between primary and secondary data?
What are the basic differences between experimental and non-experimental research?
What are the basic differences between the positivist and interpretive approaches to research?
What are the basic differences between descriptive and explanatory research?
What are the basic differences between the inductive and deductive approaches to research?
What are the basic differences between empirical and non-empirical research?
What are the basic differences between theoretical and applied research?
Using the same journal edition as in exercise 4 above, examine each article and determine whether the research is descriptive, explanatory or evaluative.
Repeat exercise 3, but using an edition of a journal outside the leisure/tourism field, for example a sociology journal or a physics journal.
Take an edition of a leisure or tourism journal, such as Leisure Studies or Annals of Tourism Research, and ascertain, for each article: why the research was conducted; how it was funded; and who or what organisations are likely to benefit from the research and how.
Choose a leisure or tourism organisation and investigate its research activities. What proportion of its budget does it devote to research? What research has it carried out? How are the results of the research used, by the organisation or others?
Choose a leisure or tourism organisation with which you are familiar and outline ways in which it might use research to pursue its objectives.
Why does academic research often appear to be irrelevant to the needs of practitioners?
Outline three of the six topics, as put forward in this chapter, on which managers might conduct or commission research.
Name three of the six formats which research reports might take, as put forward in this chapter, and outline their basic features.
Summarise the potential role of research in three of the nine steps in the ‘rationalcomprehensive’model of the policy-making/planning/management process presented in this chapter.
What are the broad differences between policy-making, planning and management, as presented in this chapter?
Outline the differences between descriptive, explanatory and evaluative research.
What is the difference between research and journalism?
What is accounting?
29. A sample consists of the following n = 5 scores: 11, 1, 3, 7.3.a. Compute the mean and standard deviation for the sample.b. Find the z-score for each score in the sample.
28. A sample has a standard deviation of s 12. In the sample, a score of X-58 corresponds to z +0.50. What is the sample mean?
27. A sample has a mean of M50, In the sample, at score of X 41 corresponds to z = -1.50. What is the standard deviation for the sample?
26. A sample has a mean of M 40 with a standard devi- ation of s 8. Find the score corresponding to each of the following z-scores for this sample. 20.75 z - 1.50 z-2.25 2--0.50 z--1.00 -1.75
25. A sample of 25 scores has a mean of M-30 with a standard deviation of s 4. Find the z-score for each of the following scores from the sample. X-33 X=28 X-38 X=26 X=36 X 20
24. A population consists of the following N-5 scores: 8, 6, 2, 4, 5a. Compute p and or for the population.b. Find the z-score for each raw score in the population.c. Transform the original population into a new popu- lation of N-5 scores with 100 and = 20.
23. A population consists of the following scores: 12, 1, 10, 3, 7, 3a. Compute and or for the population. pb. Find the z-score for each raw score in the population.
22. A distribution with 74 and 8 is being stan- dardized to produce a new mean of 100 and a new standard deviation of o 20. Find the standard- ized value for each of the following scores from the original distribution: 84, 78, 80, 66, 62, 72
21. A distribution of scores has 43 and 4. If this distribution is standardized to create a new distribution with 60 and or 20, find the standardized value for each of the following scores from the original distribution: 41, 51, 43, 37, 44, 46
20. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is composed of a number of subtests. Each subtest is standardized to create a distribution with a 10 and = 3, For one subtest, the raw scores have 35 and = 6. Following are some raw scores from this subtest. What will these scores be when they are
19. A distribution of exam scores has 90 and = 10. In this distribution, Sharon's score is 9 points above the mean, Jill has a z-score of +1.20, Steve's score is standard deviation above the mean, and Ramon has a score of X110. List the four students in order from highest to lowest score.
18. New freshmen are required to take a series of tests measuring basic skills. Scores on the Verbal Skills 80 with or 140 with a 30, and test have a mean of test has Reasoning test has 10. The Math. the Logical 35 with or 4. Tom's scores are 85, 130, and 45 for Verbal Skills, Math, and Logical
17. The State College requires applicants to submit test scores from either the College Placement Exam (CPE) or the College Board Test (CBT). Scores on the CPE have a mean of p. 200 with or 50, and scores on the CBT average 500 with 100. Tom's application includes a CPE score of X-235, and Bill's
16. On a psychology exam with 72 and = 12, you get a score of X78. The same day, on an English exam with 56 and 5, you get a score of X66. For which of the two exams would you expect to receive the better grade? Explain your answer.
15. Answer the question in problem 14, but this time assume that the mean for the exam is p = 81.
14. On a statistics exam, you have a score of X-73. If the mean for this exam is 65, would you prefer a standard deviation of = 8 or = 167
13. A list of exam scoces shows that a raw score of X = 50 corresponds to z = -2.00 and a raw score of X-62 corresponds to z = +1.00. Find the mean and the standard deviation for the distribution of raw scores. (Hint: Sketch the distribution, and locate the position of each score. How much distance
12. For a population with o 20, a raw score of X = 110 corresponds to z +1.50. What is the mean for this distribution?
11. For a population with 8, a raw score of X = 43 corresponds to z -0.50. What is the mean for this distribution?
10. For a population with 50, a raw score of X-44 corresponds to z = -1.50. What is the standard devia tion for this distribution?
9. For a population with 80, a raw score of X = 98 corresponds to +2.00. What is the standard de- viation for this distribution?
8. A population of scores has p. 85 and = 20. Find the raw score (X value) corresponding to each of the following z-scores in this population: z=1.25 z=0.60 z=-2.30 2--1.50 z=-0.40 z = 2.10
7. A population of scores has 60 and = 12. Find the z-score corresponding to each of the following X values from this population: X-63 x = 54 X=48 X-66 X-72 X-84
6. For a population with 100 and = 10,a. Find the z-score that corresponds to each of the following X values: x=106 X-90 X=125 X-93 X=87 X 118b. Find the raw score (X) for each of the following z-scores: z=1.20 z-2.30 z=-0.60 z=0.40 2 -0.80 2--3.00
5. For a population with 50 and 8,a. Find the z-score that corresponds to each of the following X values: X = 58 X=46 X=34 X-70 X = 62 X = 44b. Find the raw score (X) for each of the following E-scores: z=2.50 z = 0.25 2--0.50 2 -1.50 z=-1.00 2=0.75
4. A distribution of scores has 70. The z-score for X 65 is computed, and a value of z = +1.00 is obtained. Regardless of the value for the standard deviation, why must this z-score be incorrect?
3. A distribution of scores has a mean of -200. In this distribution, a score of X 250 is located 50 points above the mean.a. Assume that the standard deviation is - 25. Sketch the distribution, and locate the position of 250. What is the z-score corresponding to 250 in this distribution? X Xb. Now
2. A positively skewed distribution has 80 and 12. If this entire distribution is transformed into z-scores, describe the shape, mean, and standard de- viation for the resulting distribution of z-scores.
1. Describe exactly what information is provided by a 2-score.
26. For the data in the following sample: 1, 4, 3, 6, 2, 7, 18, 3, 7, 2, 4, 3a. Sketch a frequency distribution histogram.b. Compute the mean and standard deviation.c. Find the median and the semi-interquartile range.d. Which measures of central tendency and variability provide a better description
25. A population consists of exactly N = 5 scores: 2, 4, 5, 6, 8a. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for this population.b. Now we will double the size of the population by duplicating each of the original scores. Thus, the new population consists of 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8. Based
24. For the following population of N-5 scores: 2, 3, 5, 6, 9a. Sketch a histogram showing the distribution, and compute the mean and variance for the population.b. Predict what would happen to the mean and variance if a new score of X-5 were added to the original population. (Use your sketch to
23. For the following population of N = 6 scores: 8, 10, 4, 8, 5, 13a. Sketch a histogram showing the population distri- bution.b. Locate the value of the population mean in your sketch, and make an estimate of the standard deviation.c. Compute SS, variance, and standard deviation for the
22. For the following population of N = 5 scores: 11, 2, 0, 8, 4a. Sketch a histogram showing the population distri- bution.b. Locate the value of the population mean in your sketch, and make an estimate of the standard deviation.c. Compute SS, variance, and standard deviation for the population.
21. For the following sample of n = 5 scores: 3, 11, 14, 7, 15a. Sketch a histogram showing the sample distribution.b. Locate the value of the sample mean in your sketch, and make an estimate of the sample stan dard deviation.c. Compute SS, variance, and standard deviation for the sample. (How well
20. For the following sample of -5 scores: 10, 0, 6, 2, 2a. Sketch a histogram showing the sample distribution.b. Locate the value of the sample mean in your sketch, and make an estimate of the sample standard deviation.c. Compute SS, variance, and standard deviation for the sample. (How well does
19. For the following sample: 2, 8, 5, 9, 1, 6, 6, 3, 6, 10, 4, 12a. Calculate the range, the semi-interquartile range, and the standard deviation.b. Add 2 points to every score, and then compute the range, the semi-interquartile range, and the standard deviation. How is variability affected when a
18. For the following population of N = 12 scores: 10, 14, 7, 6, 10, 12, 15, 5, 10, 8, 13, 10a. Sketch a histogram showing the distribution.b. Find the range, the interquartile range, and the standard deviation for the population. (Note: The range and the interquartile range should be easy to see
17. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following sample: 4, 7, 3, 1, 5
16. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following population: 5, 0, 9, 3, 8, 5
15. Two samples are as follows: Sample A: 7, 9, 10, 8, 9, 12 9 Sample B: 13, 5, 9, 1, 17,a. Just by looking at these data, which sample has more variability? Explain your answer.b. Compute the mean and the standard deviation for each sample.c. In which sample is the mean more representative (more
14. The standard deviation measures the standard, or typical, distance from the mean. For each of the fol- lowing two populations, you should be able to use this definition to determine the standard deviation without doing any serious calculations. (Hint: Find the mean for each population, and then
13. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following sample: 2. 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 (Note: The computational formula for SS works best with these scores.)
12. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following sample: 0, 3, 0, 3 (Note: The computational formula for SS works best with these scores.)
11. Describe the circumstances in which it is easier to compute SSa. Using the definition (or definitional formula).b. Using the computational formula.
10. For the following scores: 8, 4, 7, 1a. Calculate the mean. (Note that the value of the mean does not depend on whether the set of scores. is considered to be a sample or a population.)b. Find the deviation for each score, and check that the deviations add up to zero.c. Square cach deviation,
9. On an exam with p = 75, you obtain a score of X = 80.a. Would you prefer that the exam distribution had or 2 oro 10? (Sketch each distribution, and locate the position of X = 80 in each one.)b. If your score is X-70, would you prefer - 2 or 10? (Again, sketch each distribution to deter- mine how
8. Sketch a normal distribution with 50 and or = 20.a. Locate each of the following scores in your sketch, and indicate whether you consider each score to be an extreme value (high or low) or a central value: 65, 55, 40, 47b. Make another sketch showing a distribution with = 50 but this time with =
7. A sample of 35 scores has a variance of 100. What is the standard deviation for this sample?
6. A population of N-15 scores has a standard devia- tion of 4.0. What is the variance for this population?
5. A professor administers a 5-point quiz to a class of 40 students. The professor calculates a mean of 4.2 for the quiz with a standard deviation of 11.4. Although the mean is a reasonable value, you should realize that the standard deviation is not. Explain why it appears that the professor made
4. In general, what does it mean for a sample to have a standard deviation of zero? Describe the scores in such a sample.
3. Can SS ever have a value less than zero? Explain your answer.
2. A population has 100 and 20. If you select a single score from this population, on the average, how close would it be to the population mean? Explain your answer.
1. In words, explain what is measured by each of the following:a. SSb. Variancec. Standard deviation
26. A researcher examined the effect of amount of relax- ation training on insomnia. Four treatment groups were used. Subjects received relaxation training for 2, 4, or 8 sessions. A control group received no train- ing (0 sessions). Following training, the researcher measured how long it took the
25. A researcher evaluated the taste of four leading brands of instant coffee by having a sample of individuals taste each coffee and then rate its flavor on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 very bad and 5 = excellent). The results from this study are summarized as follows: Coffee Average Rating Brand A 2.5
24. On a standardized reading achievement test, the na- tionwide average for seventh-grade children is = 7.0. A seventh-grade teacher is interested in comparing class reading scores with the national average. The scores for the 16 students in this class are as follows: 8, 6, 5, 10, 5, 6, 8, 9 7, 6,
23. A distribution of exam scores has a mean of 71 and a median of 79. Is it most likely that this distribution is symmetrical, positively skewed, or negatively skewed?
22. For each of the following situations, identify the mea- sure of central tendency (mean, median, mode) that would provide the best description of the "average" score.a. A researcher records each individual's favorite TV show for a sample of 50 children who are 6 years of age.b. A researcher
21. One sample of 3 scores has a mean of M-4. A second sample of n = 7 scores has a mean of M-10. If these two samples are combined, what value will be obtained for the mean of the combined sample?
20. A sample of n = 10 scores has a mean of M - 23. One soure is removed from the sample, and the mean for the remaining scores is M = 25. Find the value of the score that was removed.
19. A sample of n 5 scores has a mean of M 21. One new score is added to the sample, and the mean for the resulting new sample is M25. Find the value of the new score. (Hint: Find EX for the original sample and EX for the new sample.)
18. A sample of -5 scores has a mean of M=10.a. If a new score of X 4 is added to the sample, what is the value of the new sample mean?b. If one of the scores, X = 18, is removed from the original sample, what is the value of the new sample mean?e. If one of the scores in the original sample is
17. A sample has a mean of M = 40.a. If a new score of X = 50 is added to the sample, what will happen to the sample mean (increase, decrease, stay the same)? Explain your answer.b. If a new score of X 30 is added to the sample, what will happen to the sample mean (increase, decrease, stay the
16. A sample of n-8 scores has a mean of M - 12. A new score of X 4 is added to the sample.a. What is EX for the original sample?b. What is EX for the new sample?c. What is n for the new sample?d. What is the mean for the new sample?
15. A sample has a mean of M = 20.a. If each X value is multiplied by 6, then what is the value of the new mean?b. If 5 points are added to each of the original X values, then what is the value of the new mean?
14. A sample has a mean of M-5, and EX = 320. How many scores are in this sample? (r = ?)
13. A population of N-50 scores has a mean of -26. What is EX for this population?
12. For the set of scores presented in the following fre- quency distribution: X f S 10 4 6 3 2 2 1 I 1a. Find the mean, the median, and the mode..b. Based on your answers from parta, identify the shape of the distribution.
11. For the set of scores shown in the following frequency distribution table: X f 5 1 4 2 3 4 2 2 1 1a. Sketch a histogram showing the distribution, and locate the median in your sketch.b. Compute the mean for this set of scores.c. Now suppose the score X5 is changed to X 45. How does this change
10. The following frequency distribution summarizes the number of absences for each student in a class of 11=20. Number of Absences (X) 5 or more 3 4 4 3 3 2 6 1 0a. Find the mode for this distribution.b. Find the median number of absences for the class,c. Explain why you cannot compute the mean
9. For the following set of scores: 9, 7, 9, 8, 10, 8, 1, 9, 8, 9a. Sketch a frequency distribution histogram.b. Find the mean, median, and mode, and locate these values in your graph.
8. Find the mean, median, and mode for the following sample of scores: 2, 5, 1, 4, 2, 3, 3, 2
7. Under what circumstances is the mode the preferred measure of central tendency?
6. Under what circumstances do the mean, the median, and the mode all have different values?
5. Identify the circumstances in which the median rather than the mean is the preferred measure of central tendency.
4. Explain what is meant by each of the following statements:a. The mean is the balance point of the distribution.b. The median is the midpoint of the distribution.
3. Explain why the mean is often not a good measure of central tendency for a skewed distribution.

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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 7th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Michael A Hitt - Solutions

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