Research Methods In Human Resource Management Investigating A Business Issue 5th Edition Valerie Anderson, Rita Fontinha, Dr Fiona Robson - Solutions

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Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word interval.
What is the difference between a frequency table and a grouped frequency table?
What are the steps to create a frequency table?
What are raw scores?
Imagine that a researcher is measuring the time it takes participants to identify whether a string of letters constitutes a word (e.g., duke) or a nonword (e.g., dake). She measures the response time of 40 participants. She finds that most participants took from ½ to 1 second to make their
and that one person had gained many, many pounds while in the exercise program.a. Why would this individual be considered an outlier?b. Explain why outlier analysis might be useful in this situation.c. What kinds of things are we looking for in an outlier analysis?
Imagine that you conducted the study described in Exercise
A researcher wants to know if people’s concerns about the environment might vary as a function of incentives provided for recycling. Students living on a university campus are recruited to participate in a study. Some students are randomly assigned to a group in which they are rewarded
A researcher interested in the cultural values of individualistic and collectivistic societies collects data on the rate of relationship conflict experienced by 32 people who test high for individualism and 37 people who test high for collectivism.a. Is this research experimental or
For decades, researchers, politicians, and tobacco company executives debated the relation between smoking and health problems, such as cancer.a. Why was this research necessarily correlational in nature?b. What confounding variables might make it difficult to isolate the effects of smoking tobacco
Noting marked increases in weight across the population, many researchers, nutritionists, and physicians have struggled to find ways to stem the tide of obesity in many Western countries. A number of exercise programs have been advocated by these clinicians and researchers, and there has been a
and were unconcerned with practicality and ethics, describe how we could have used random assignment.
If we had been conducting the study described in Exercise
Refer to the study on cholera and HIV described in Exercise 1.41. The researchers did not use random assignment when conducting this study.a. List at least one practical reason that the researchers might not have used random assignment.b. List at least one ethical reason that the researchers might
Several studies have documented the susceptibility of people who are HIV-positive to cholera, likely because of weakened immune systems. Researchers in Mozambique(Lucas et al., 2005), a country where an esti mated 20% to 30% of the population is HIV-positive, wondered whether an oral vaccine for
For each of the following variables—both described at some point in this chapter—state (i) how the researcher operationalized the variable and (ii) one other way in which the researcher could have operationalized the variable.a. The distance between the well and the homes where people had died
For each of the following hypotheses, identify the independent variable and the most likely levels of that independent variable.a. Teenagers are better at video games, on average, than are adults in their 30s.b. Spanking children tends to lead them to be more violent.c. Weight Watchers leads to
For each of the following hypotheses, identify the likely dependent variable and a likely way of operationalizing that dependent variable. Be specific.a. Teenagers are better at video games, on average, than are adults in their 30s.b. Spanking children tends to lead them to be more violent.c.
asks a number of demographic questions at the end. For example, it asks “In what country did you spend most of your youth?”a. Can you think of a hypothesis that might have led the developers of this Web site to ask this question?b. For your hypothesis in part (a), identify the independent and
The Star Wars personality test from Exercise
Go online and take the personality test found at www.outofservice.com/starwars. This test assesses your personality in terms of the characters from the original Star Wars series. (You may have to scroll down to get to the questions.)a. What does it mean for a test to be reliable? Take the test a
You may have been in a wine store and wondered just how useful those posted wine ratings are (usually a scale with 100 as the top score). After all, aren’t ratings subjective? Corsi and Ashenfelter (2001) studied whether wine experts are consistent. Knowing that the weather is the best predictor
The book What’s Wrong with the Rorschach: Science Confronts the Controversial Inkblot Test (Wood et al., 2003)presents an overview of scientific evidence that suggests the Rorschach test performs poorly at diagnosing psychopathology, determining personality traits, and predicting future behavior.
For each of the following examples, state whether the scale variable is discrete or continuous.a. The capacity, in terms of songs, of an iPodb. The playing time of an individual songc. The cost in cents to download a song legally
The Kentucky Derby is perhaps the premier event in U.S. horse racing, and it provides many opportunities for identifying types of variables. For each of the following examples, identify the type of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale.a. As racing fans, we would be very interested in the variable
seconds, a new world record. Cseh finished in 1:52.70, and Matsuda finished in 1:52.97.c. One might examine whether swimmers were impaired during the race or not. Phelps was blinded when his goggles filled with water. Neither Cseh nor Matsuda suffered any impairment.
At the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, 23-year-old Michael Phelps won eight gold medals, a world record for the number of gold medals won in a single Olympic games. One of his winning events was the 200-meter butterfly. For each of the following examples, identify the type of variable—nominal,
The Health Study of Nord-Trøndelag County of Norway surveyed more than 60,000 people in a Norwegian county and reported that “people who have gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, are more likely to have anxiety disorders or depression than people who do not have such symptoms.”a. What is
The CDC reported very large weight increases for U.S.residents of both genders and of all age groups over the last four decades. Go to the Web site that reports these data (www.cdc.gov) and search for the article titled“Americans Slightly Taller, Much Heavier Than 40 Years Ago.”a. What were the
Referring to Exercise 1.27, what might be the purpose of an outlier analysis in this case? What might it reveal?
Since 1980, most of the cyclists who have won the Tour de France have won it just once. Several cyclists have won it two or three times. The Spanish cyclist Miguel Induráin has won it five times, and the U.S. cyclist Lance Armstrong has won it seven times. Identify the outlier or outliers among
A study of the effects of skin tone (light, medium, and dark) on the severity of facial wrinkles in middle age might be of interest to cosmetic surgeons.a. What is the independent variable in this study?b. What is the dependent variable in this study?c. How many levels does the independent variable
How might you operationalize the dependent variable, accuracy of memory, for the event in Exercise 1.23?
Referencing Exercise 1.23, imagine that physical distance is assessed as within 100 miles, or 100 miles or farther; also, imagine that emotional distance is assessed as knowing no one who was affected, knowing people who were affected but lived, and knowing someone who died in the events. How many
A researcher might be interested in evaluating how the physical and emotional “distance” a person had from Manhattan at the time of the 9/11 terrorist at- tacks relates to the accuracy of memory for the event.Identify the independent variables and the dependent variable.
In the fall of 2008, the U.S. stock market plummeted several times, which meant grave consequences for the world economy. A researcher might assess the economic effect this situation had by seeing how much money people saved in 2008. Those amounts could be compared to how much money people saved in
Referencing Exercise 1.17, how might you operationalize the amount of fruit and vegetable items purchased on a trip to the store as a(n):a. nominal measure?b. ordinal measure?c. scale measure?
Referencing Exercise 1.16, how might you operationalize the average distance walked in one week as a(n):a. ordinal measure?b. scale measure?
a descriptive statistic or an inferential statistic if it is used to estimate the diets of all shoppers?
Is the number of items counted in Exercise
a descriptive statistic or an inferential statistic if it is used to describe the 130 people studied?
Is the “average” calculated in Exercise
Seventy-three people are stopped as they leave a popular grocery store, and the number of fruit and vegetable items they purchased is assessed.a. What is the size of the sample?b. Identify the population.
A researcher studies the average distance that 130 people living in U.S. urban areas walk each week.a. What is the size of the sample?b. Identify the population.
What are potential benefits of outlier analysis?
What is an outlier?
In statistics, it is important to pay very close attention to language. The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase.For example, the sentence “Only correlational studies can tell us something about causality” could be corrected by changing
What is the difference between a between-groups research design and a within-groups research design?
What is the difference between experimental research and correlational research?
In your own words, define the word experiment—first as you would use it in everyday conversation, and then as a researcher would use it.
To test a hypothesis, we need operational definitions of our independent and dependent variables. What is an operational definition?
What is the difference between reliability and validity, and how are they related?
What are confounding variables (or simply confounds)and how are they controlled using random assignment?
What is the relation between an independent variable and a dependent variable?
Distinguish discrete and continuous variables.
Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word scale.
Identify and define the four types of variables that researchers could use to quantify their observations.
What is the difference between a sample and a pop -ulation?
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Which social media platform is most appropriate for you to use to communicate about your project – and which platform do you feel most comfortable with? Do you wish to contribute from a personal social media account or create a professional account to ensure that you can maintain life-work
How often do you systematically and routinely gather evidence about the issues your organisation faces? To what extent do you critically assess the quality of this data?
What opportunities to disseminate your research findings might there be? Are some details from your research particularly sensitive – how will you establish the limits to what you can communicate?
How prepared are you for the submission process? Do you know what platform to use and how the file might need to be labelled?Is submission in pdf format or Word format required? How many documents can you upload? Do you need to learn how to ensure your various files are all ‘rolled up’ into one
How much time do you have before the submission date for your research proposal or report? Who can help you to evaluate your draft sections? How can you share learning with peers in your class? Does your centre have any formal requirements for peer feedback?
What written documents are required by your study centre? How clear are you about the required length, format and content required by these different readers? Are any additional outputs required? For example, a presentation or recording.
When data is presented in the findings, it is important to:a include information about sample and response sizes b conceal data that does not ‘fit’ what you hope to show c leave out information about the response scales d make use of quotations from only one or two responses to the open
The justification for your sampling strategy should be outlined in:a the introduction b the literature review c the methodology d the conclusions
Every chapter/section should include:a an introduction and summary b a separate list of references c an overview of the case study organisation(s)d charts and graphs
Which of the following do not usually feature in the findings chapter?a Recommendations for HR professionals b Overview of the research sample c Limitations of findings d Direct quotes from participants
When are direct quotes most useful for your work?a When you need to prove that you have read something b To meet the requirement for the minimum number of references c To demonstrate a key point d To meet the overall word count
Which chapter is most likely to provide a rationale for the study?a Introduction b Literature review c Methodology d Findings
The abstract or executive summary of a research report or dissertation would not usually include:a key findings b a list of references c methodology d conclusions
What help can you access from your networks to help you understand how to run statistical tests and make sense of the findings?
Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) has advantages compared to multiple regression because:a it allows you to test several relationships between variables at the same time b variables can be both a predictor and an outcome at the same time c it allows us to partition the variance into model/trait
A commonly used ‘test of difference’ for parametric data is:a the Mann-Whitney test b Cronbach’s alpha c factor analysis d the t-test
What information can a cross-tabulation provide?a It shows the results for all your questionnaire items b It lists different measures of significance c It summarises the frequencies of different variables so that they can be compared d It compares the different results from a regression analysis
A reliability coefficient is a measure of:a the difference between two variables b the strength of the relationship between two different variables c the extent to which the responses to a group of variables are internally consistent d whether the data is measuring what you think it is measuring
Tests of probability that a test result occurred by chance is known as:a multiple regression analysis b chi-squared c significance testing d Cronbach’s alpha
Is there anyone in your network who would be able to offer advice and guidance on the survey design, administration and analysis processes? How might you find out about them?
What explanations of the data might be expected? What alternative explanations might there be? What might enhance your ability to develop and evaluate a range of explanations as part of the analysis process?
What organisational or personal factors might influence the way that you interpret your data? What strategies can you utilise to maintain a detachment from the data?
What actions can you take to maximise the credibility and dependability of the data that you analyse? How can you ensure that the context in which the data have been generated is not lost?
To what extent will you need to utilise specific quotations as examples of the categories you identify? How will ensure you can identify, store and retrieve them?
How skilled are you at producing useable summaries of data gathering ‘events’ that will remain meaningful in a number of weeks?Is there some way you could practice in advance?
What software options may be available to you to assist with the analysis process?Do you need to undertake some training to become more confident with data manipulation processes?
How secure are the records you have collected? Are they appropriately backed up, and are they password protected to maintain confidentiality where this has been offered as part of your research ethics commitments?
How successful have you been in organising the data that you have collected so far? What sort of filing system or file structure might be applicable?
What does the acronym ‘CAQDAS’ stand for?a complicated analysis of qualitative data and statistics b constant analysis, qualitative data and simplicity c computer-aided qualitative data analysis software d content analysis, qualitative data software
Discourse analysis involves examining:a the ways in which communication is undertaken to produce desired effects b forms of communication both written and visual c the way different forms of communication frame people’s understanding of their situation d all of the above
Which of the following describes narrative analysis?a An enhanced form of interview technique b A form of analysis of organisational documents c An approach to examine how people sequence and represent people and events d A different name for thematic analysis
Which of the following would be suitable for content analysis?a Interview transcripts b Newspaper articles c Blog posts d All of the above
Keeping a chronological record of your ideas and reflections as your research project goes along, to help you develop your analysis, is known as:a research summaries b data transcripts c a research diary d self-memos
The generation of charts, grids, hierarchies, matrices, etc are all forms of:a template analysis b data display c grounded theory d analytical induction
When undertaking qualitative data analysis why should you start coding your data as soon as possible?a Because you will get short of time when the deadline approaches b Because it is a fun thing to do c To ensure that you find the interpretation that you are looking out for d To sharpen your focus
What steps will you take to maximise the confidentiality of the data you gather and the anonymity of your participants?
How aware are you of your own personal bias? How might this affect what you expect your data to show? What steps can you take to limit the influence of your personal perspective on the data that is generated?
What ethical issues need to be considered if you decide to undertake some form of participant observation? What might be the best way to take this forward?
How familiar are you with any online conferencing platforms you might use in your data gathering processes? Do you know how to record sessions or events and to access an audio transcript?
How well developed are your skills as a reflective note taker? What system can you develop to ensure that any notes you take whilst engaged in qualitative data gathering are formulated accurately and in detail?
To what extent might publicly available sources of qualitative data contribute to the achievement of your research objectives or questions?

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Research Methods In Human Resource Management Investigating A Business Issue 5th Edition Valerie Anderson, Rita Fontinha, Dr Fiona Robson - Solutions

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