Research Methods For The Behavioral Sciences 6th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Lori Ann B. Forzano - Solutions

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Apply principal factor analysis to the crime rate data, and compare the varimax-rotated solution to that given in the text and found using the maximum likelihood estimation. Also compare the predicted correlation matrices from the principal factor analysis and maximum likelihood factor analysis
Returning to the small exploratory factor analysis example described in Section 11.2, suppose now that the observed correlations had been R =Classics French English 1 00 0 84 100 0 60 035 1 00.. .. . .Find the values of the parameters in a one-factor model fitted to these
Rescale the coefficients defining the principal components of the crime rate data so that they represent correlations between the components and crime rates.
The data in exer_104.txt give prestige, income, education, and suicide rates for 36 occupations, originally given in Labovitz (1970).Undertake a PCA of the data and use the results to try to answer the question of whether there are several distinct types of jobs.
MacDonnell (1902) obtained measurements on seven physical characteristics for each of 300 criminals. The seven variables measured were (1) head length, (2) head breadth, (3) face breadth, (4) left finger length, (5) left forearm length, (6) left foot length, and (7) height. The correlation matrix
Find the principal components of the following correlation matrix and compare how the one- and two-component solutions reproduce the matrix.R =0.0034 1 0000 0 6579 1 0000 0 0738 1 0000.. .− . .
The crime rate data considered in the text contains a number of possible outliers. Reanalyze the data using principal components after removing the observations you consider to be outliers, and compare your results with those given in the text.
The data in exer_93.txt give the life expectancies in different countries by age and by sex. Find numerical summaries separately for men and women, and construct suitable graphics for an initial examination of the data.
For the paint-sprayer data, use some suitable graphics to identify any observations that you think are outliers. Construct chi-square plots of the generalized distances after removing the outlying observations both for the raw data and log-transformed data.
For the body measurements data, using the scatterplot matrix of the data as a guide, try to identify the men and the women in the sample and then find the means, variances, and covariance and correlation matrices of the groups you identify.
The data in exer_84.txt give the plasma inorganic phosphate levels for 33 subjects, 20 of whom are controls and 13 of whom have been classified as obese (Davis, 2002). Produce separate plots of the profiles of the individuals in each group and, guided by these plots, fit what you think might be a
The data in exer_83.txt arise from a trial of estrogen patches in the treatment of postnatal depression. Women who had suffered an episode of postnatal depression were randomly allocated to two groups:the members of one group received an estrogen patch, and the members of the other group received a
Investigate whether there is any evidence of a treatment × time interaction in the BtB data.
For the BtB data, construct a plot that shows the mean profiles over time for each treatment group and has appropriate error bars at each time point.
Grana et al. (2002) report the results from a nonrandomized clinical trial investigating a novel radioimmunotherapy in malignant glioma patients. The overall survival, that is, the time from the beginning of therapy to the disease-caused death of the patient, is compared for two groups of
The data in exer_71.txt are the survival times (in months) after mastectomy of women with breast cancer. The cancers are classified as having metastasized or not based on a histochemical marker.Censoring is indicated by the event variable that takes the value TRUE in the case of death and FALSE
Fit a Cox regression model to the data on heroin addicts using the clinic as a stratifier. How do the results compare with those derived in the text?
The data in exer_65.txt relate to a sample of girls in Warsaw, the response variable indicating whether or not the girl has begun menstruation and the exploratory variable age in years (measured to the month). Plot the estimated probability of menstruation as a function of age, and show the linear
The data in exer_64.txt (taken from Johnson and Albert, 1999) are for 30 students in a statistics class. The response variable y indicates whether or not the student passed (y = 1) or failed (y = 0) the statistics examination at the end of the course. Also given are the student’s scores on a
The data in exer_63.txt were obtained from a study of the relationship between car size and car accident injuries. Accidents were classified according to their type, severity, and whether or not the driver was ejected. Using severity as the response variable, derive and interpret a suitable
Return to the data on do-it-yourself used in the text and use a backward search approach to assess models that allow interactions between each pair of explanatory variables. What conclusion do you reach, and how do these differ from those given in the text?
The data in exer_61.txt arise from a survey carried out in 1974/1975 in which each respondent was asked if he or she agreed or disagreed with the statement “Women should take care of running their homes and leave running the country up to men.” The years of education of each respondent was also
The data in ex_52.txt were collected in a clinical trial of the use of estrogen patches in the treatment of postnatal depression. Using posttreatment depression score as the response, formulate a suitable model for examining the effects of the baseline measurements and treatment group on the
The data in ex_51.txt arise from a survey of systolic blood pressure in individuals classified according to smoking status and family history of circulation and heart problems. Analyze the data using multiple linear regression and find the residuals from the fitted model, and use them to check the
In ex_44.txt, the age, percentage fat, and gender of 20 normal adults are given. Investigate multiple linear regression models with the percentage of fat as the response variable, and age and gender as explanatory variables. Illustrate the models you fit with informative graphics.
In ex_43.txt, four sets of bivariate data are given. Fit a simple linear regression to each data set. What do you find? Now construct regression graphics and describe what you conclude from these plots.
The data in ex_42.txt arise from a study of the quality of statements elicited from young children reported by Hutcheson et al. (1995). The variables are statement quality, child’s gender, age and maturity, how coherently the children gave their evidence, the delay between witnessing an incident
The data in ex_41.txt were collected to investigate the determinants of pollution. For 41 cities in the United States, seven variables were recorded:SO2: SO2 content of air in micrograms per cubic meter Temp: Average annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit Manuf: Number of manufacturing
The data in exer_35.txt gives the average percentage memory retention measured against passing time (minutes). The measurements were taken five times during the first hour after subjects memorized a list of disconnected items, and then at various times up to a week later. Plot the data (after a
The data in exer_34.txt gives marriage and divorce rates (per 1000 population per year) for 14 countries. Derive the linear regression equation of divorce rate on marriage rate and show the fitted line on a scatterplot of the data. On the basis of the regression line, predict the divorce rate for a
The data in exer_33.txt gives the average vocabulary size of children at various ages. Construct the scatterplot of the data and use the scatterplot and knowledge of the data to fit a suitable model.
The data in exer_32.txt gives the final examination scores (out of 75) and corresponding exam completion times (seconds) of 134 individuals.Construct a scatterplot of the data that shows the simple linear regression fit of exam score on time and also gives suitable graphics for the marginal
Reanalyze the pulse rates and heights data after taking a log transformation of pulse rate. Contrast and compare the results with those described in the text, remembering that using a log transformation changes the scale of this variable.
Mortality rates per 100,000 from male suicides for a number of age groups and a number of countries are given in ex_25.txt. Construct side-by-side boxplots for the data from different age groups, and comment on what the graphics tell us about the data.
The data set ex_24.txt contains values of seven variables for 10 states in the United States. The seven variables are 1. Population size divided by 1000 2. Average per capita income 3. Illiteracy rate (% population)4. Life expectancy (years)5. Homicide rate (per 1000)6. Percentage of high school
Figure 2.42 shows the traffic deaths in a particular area before and after stricter enforcement of the speed limit by the police.Does the graph convince you that the efforts of the police have had the desired effect of reducing road traffic deaths? If not, why not?
Shortly after metric units of length were officially introduced in Australia, each of a group of 44 students was asked to guess, to the nearest meter, the width of the lecture hall in which they were sitting. Another group of 69 students in the same room were asked to guess the width in feet, to
According to Cleveland (1994), “The histogram is a widely used graphical method that is at least a century old. But maturity and ubiquity do not guarantee the efficiency of a tool. The histogram is a poor method.”Do you agree with Cleveland? Give your reasons.
What is the ratio of two measurements of warmth, one of which is 25°C and the other of which is 110°F?
Attribute the following quotations about statistics and statisticians:a. To understand God’s thoughts we must study statistics, for these are a measure of his purpose.b. You cannot feed the hungry on statistics.c. A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic.d. Thou shall not sit
In reading about the results of an intervention study, you find that alternate subjects have been allocated to the two treatment groups.How would you feel about the study and why?
You are interested in assessing whether or not laws that ban purchases of handguns by convicted felons reduce criminal violence.What type of study would you carry out, and how would you go about the study?
You develop a headache while working for hours at your computer.You stop, go into another room, and take two aspirins. After about 15 min, your headache has gone and you return to work. Can you infer a definite causal relationship between taking the aspirin and curing the headache? If not, why not?
The Pepsi-Cola Company carried out research to determine whether people tended to prefer Pepsi Cola to Coca Cola. Participants were asked to taste two glasses of cola and then state which they preferred.The two glasses were not labeled Pepsi or Coke for obvious reasons. Instead, the Coke glass was
Based on the following descriptions of studies, determine whether each of the studies can be classified as basic or applied research.
Using PsycINFO (or a similar database), find five articles on the topic of preschool daycare and social anxiety. Print out a copy of the Record List page.
Using PsycINFO (or a similar database), find research articles on how background music influences mood. Print out the Detailed Record (including the abstract) for one research article on this topic.
Search in a current newspaper or on a news website and find one news story that is based on the results of a recent research study. Summarize the research result according to the story. Do you have any reason to doubt that this information is accurate?
Hypothetical concepts, such as honesty, are variables that cannot be observed or measured directly and, therefore, require operational definitions.a. Describe one procedure that might be used to measure honesty.b. Use the procedure you described in (a) to explain why there may not be a one-to-one
Briefly explain what an operational definition is and why operational definitions are sometimes necessary
Suppose you are planning a research study in which you intend to manipulate the participants’ moods; that is, you plan to create a group of happy people and a group of sad people. For example, one group will spend the first 10 minutes of the experiment listening to upbeat, happy music, and the
Find your college’s IRB guidelines and procedures (you probably will need to search online through your college’s website for “IRB”). With a research idea in mind, determine what category or level of review your proposal would fit into.
For a within-subjects experiment that includes a time delay between treatment conditions, explain the possible advantages and the disadvantages of increasing the time delay between one treatment and the next.
Describe the problems that can be caused by individual differences in a between-subjects experiment and explain how these problems are eliminated or reduced in a within-subjects experiment.
A researcher has a sample of 30 rats that are all cloned from the same source. The 30 rats are genetically identical and have been raised in exactly the same environment since birth. The researcher conducts an experiment, randomly assigning 10 of the clones to treatment A, 10 to treatment B, and
Explain how the pretest helps minimize the threat to internal validity from individual differences in a pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design.
The following list contains several variables that differentiate college students.a. Select two variables from the list that should have a consistent relationship (either positive or negative). Briefly describe how you would do a correlational study to evaluate the relationship.b. Describe how you
Make a list of five general topic areas that interest you. For each, identify the source of ideas you used to come up with that topic.
Describe the similarities and differences between a research proposal and a research report.
Identify the circumstances in which it is useful to write a research proposal before conducting the actual research study. In each case, explain why the proposal would be useful.
For each of the following, identify the section of a research report that would probably contain the desired information:1. How many individuals participated in the study, and what are their characteristics?2. Why was the study done?3. Did the study use any questionnaires or unusual measurement
Describe the major elements of the introduction section for an APA-style empirical research report.
What information should be included in the abstract of an APA-style research report?
List the major sections of an APA-style report in order of appearance.
Create an example of a citation for each of the following:a. A single author cited in parenthesesb. Two or more authors cited as the subject of a sentencec. Seven authors cited in parenthesesd. The second citation of a study with three authors as the subject of a sentence
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define each of the following terms:Publication Manual of the American PsychologicalAssociationPlagiarismAuthor noteSubjects subsectionParticipants subsectionProcedure subsectionApparatus subsectionMaterials subsectionAppendix
Cohen’s kappa was developed to deal with a particular problem with measuring interrater reliability. Identify the problem that the technique attempts to solve.
Describe the basic problem with a split-half correlation that the K-R-20 and Cronbach’s alphas are designed to correct.
Identify the appropriate hypothesis test for each of the following research situations.a. A researcher conducts a between-subjects study to determine whether there is a significant difference in problem-solving ability between older adults who are generally happy and those who are generally
The purpose of an independent-measures t-test is to determine whether the mean difference obtained between two groups in a between-subjects study is greater than could reasonably be expected by chance. In other words, the test determines whether the data provide enough evidence to show that the
Explain how increasing the size of the sample size can influence the outcome of a hypothesis test.
Describe the relationship between the alpha level and the likelihood of making a Type I error.
A hypothesis test attempts to rule out chance, or sampling error, as a plausible explanation for the results from a research study. Explain how a hypothesis test accomplishes this goal.
Briefly explain what is meant when a researcher reports “a significant mean difference between two treatment conditions.”
Describe the general concept of sampling error and explain why this concept creates a problem to be addressed by inferential statistics.
Describe the appearance of a scatter plot showing the data from a set of scores that produces a Pearson correlation of r = −0.76.
Describe a distribution of scores that has a mean of M = 30 and a standard deviation of SD = 6 (Where are the scores centered? What range of values contains most of the scores?)
Under what circumstances are the median and the mode considered to be better than the mean for describing central tendency?
Construct a frequency distribution histogram or polygon for the set of scores presented in the following frequency distribution
A researcher who is interested in examining the eating behavior of adolescents records the number of calories consumed each day by each individual in a sample of 25 adolescents and computes the average for the sample. For this study, what is the statistic and what is the parameter of interest?
Identify the basic goals for descriptive statistics and for inferential statistics.
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to Define each of the following terms:Frequency distributionHistogramPolygonBar graphDegrees of freedom, dfLine graphScatter plotPearson correlationSpearman correlationRegression equationSlope constantY-interceptMultiple-regression equationNull
Briefly explain why a clinical psychologist might prefer doing research with a single-subject design instead of traditional group design.
Under what circumstances would it be difficult to interpret the results of a multiple-baseline design?
Suppose that a complex therapy procedure contains one component that has absolutely no effect on behavior. Explain how a component design could be used to demonstrate that the component has no effect.
How does a multiple-baseline design rule out chance or coincidence as the explanation for changes in behavior that occur when the treatment is started?
Although researchers typically begin a single-case reversal study with the intention of using an ABAB design, what outcome can cause the researcher to switch to a more complex phase-change design?
Explain why a researcher might have some ethical reservations about beginning the second baseline phase in an ABAB single-case design
Under what circumstances would you use a multiple-baseline design instead of an ABAB (reversal) design?
Explain why an ABAB reversal design is inappropriate for a treatment that has a permanent or long-lasting effect.
In general, how does a phase-change design like the ABAB reversal design demonstrate that the treatment (rather than chance or coincidence) is responsible for causing changes in behavior?
Identify the four phases that make up an ABAB (reversal) design, and describe how the participant’s behavior is expected to change each time the phase is changed if the study is successful.
What pattern of results is needed to provide convincing evidence that behavior changed when the phase was changed?
Define the concept of “stability” within a phase, and explain why it is important.
In a single-case study consisting of a series of phases, how long should each phase be and what factor determines that it is time to change phases?
What elements are required for a single-case research study to qualify as an experiment?
Traditional statistics (means, variances, and hypothesis tests) are not used to evaluate the results from a single-case study. Explain how the results are evaluated.
What is the goal of a single-case experimental research design?
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:Statistical significance / Statistically significant resultPractical significance, or clinical significance
Most research in the behavioral sciences involves gathering information from a group of participants. However, the case study design focuses on a single individual. Under what circumstances is the case study approach preferred to a group design?

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Research Methods For The Behavioral Sciences 6th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Lori Ann B. Forzano - Solutions

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