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research methods behavioral
Research Methods For The Behavioral Sciences 6th Edition Frederick J Gravetter, Lori Ann B. Forzano - Solutions
Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of administering a survey by mail.
Define the three types of survey questions (open-ended, restricted, and rating-scale) and identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of each.
Each of the following research studies uses a survey as a method for collecting data. However, not all of the studies are examples of the survey research design. Based on the information provided for each study, (a) indicate whether it is or is not an example of the survey research design and (b)
What is the general advantage of using the survey research design instead of the observational design? In the same context, what is the disadvantage of survey research?
Explain the distinction between naturalistic and contrived observation, and describe the situations in which contrived observation may be particularly useful.
Explain the distinction between naturalistic observation and participant observation, and describe the situations in which participant observation may be particularly useful.
Define content analysis, and explain how it is different from regular behavioral observation.
Describe how time, event, or individual sampling is done during behavioral observation, and explain why sampling may be necessary.
What is the purpose for determining a set of behavior categories and creating a list of specific behaviors to define each category before making behavioral observation?
In this chapter, we introduced the observational research design, the survey research design, and the case study research design as examples of descriptive research strategies. What differentiates these three designs from other types of research that use behavioral observation, surveys, or case
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to Define each of the following terms:Descriptive research strategyBehavioral observationHabituationBehavior categoriesInter-rater reliabilityFrequency methodDuration methodInterval methodTime samplingEvent samplingIndividual samplingLikert
Describe how the third-variable problem and the directionality problem limit the interpretation of results from correlational research designs.
Describe how the reliability of a personality test could be established using the results from a correlational study.
Explain the difference between a linear relationship and a monotonic relationship and identify which correlation is used to measure each.
Suppose that there is a negative relationship between grade point average and the number of hours spent playing video games for high-school boys. What grades would you predict for boys who spend more than the average amount of time playing video games?
Describe the pattern that would appear in a scatter plot showing the data points for each of the following correlations: r = –0.9 and r = +0.3.
Each of the following studies examines the relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for preschool children. Identify which is correlational, which is experimental, and which is non-experimental.Study 1: A researcher obtains a sample of 100 preschool children. Each child’s parents
Explain how the purpose of a correlational study differs from the purpose of an experimental study.
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to Define each of the following terms:Scatter plotLinear relationshipPearson correlationMonotonic relationshipSpearman correlationStatistical significance of a correlationRegressionThird-variable problemDirectionality problemMultiple regression
A researcher has demonstrated that a new noncompetitive physical education program significantly improves self-esteem for children in a kindergarten program.a. What additional information can be obtained by introducing participant motor skill ability (high and low) as a second factor to the
A two-factor analysis of variance is used to evaluate the significance of the mean differences for the two-factor research study shown in the following table. The study is evaluating the effects of sugary versus non-sugary snacks on the activity level of preschool children. Identify the three
A researcher would like to use a factorial study to compare two programs designed to help people stop smoking. The smoking behavior of each participant will be measured at the beginning of the program, at the end of the program, and again four months after the program has ended. Thus, the two
For a two-factor research study with two levels for factor A and four levels for factor B, how many participants are needed to obtain five scores in each treatment condition for each of the following situations?a. Both factors are between-subjects.b. Both factors are within-subjects.c. Factor A is
In Figure 11.5, we show three combinations of main effects and interactions for a 2 × 2 factorial design. Using the same 2 × 2 structure, with factor A defining the rows and factor B defining the columns, create a set of means that produce each of the following patterns:a. A main effect for
Explain what is meant by the concept that main effects and interactions are independent.
Explain why the main effects in a factorial study may not provide an accurate description of the results.
The following data show the pattern of results that was obtained in a study by Liguori and Robinson (2001) examining how different levels of alcohol and caffeine consumption influenced response time in a simulated driving test. The means show the average response time in milliseconds for different
Suppose a researcher conducts a two-factor study comparing two treatments (I and II) for college graduates versus adults with no college experience. The structure of the study is shown in the following matrix.a. If the results show that college graduates have higher scores than the no-college
In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and the
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:Two-factor designSingle-factor designLevelsThree-factor designHigher-order factorial design
The college offers all students an optional seminar on note taking and study skills. Suppose that a researcher compares personality scores for students who elected to take the seminar with the scores for students who did not. Identify the quasi-independent variable and the dependent variable for
Identify the appropriate statistical test for each of the following non-experimental and quasi-experimental designs.a. A differential designb. A cross-sectional design comparing children at ages 10, 14, and 18
Although the cohort effect can be a serious problem for cross-sectional research, it is not a problem for longitudinal designs. Explain why not.
A researcher wants to describe how fine motor skills change as a group of infants age from 18 to 24 months. Describe how this study could be done as a cross-sectional design. Next, describe how this study could be done as a longitudinal study.
Explain how a time-series design minimizes most threats to internal validity from time-related variables.
What characteristic differentiates a pretest–posttest design from a time-series design?
To evaluate the effectiveness of a new television commercial, a researcher measures attitudes toward the advertised product for a group of consumers before and after they view the commercial. Identify one factor that threatens the internal validity of this study.
Describe the basic characteristics of a pre–post design and explain why these designs are not true experiments.
A researcher wants to describe the effectiveness of a new program (compared to the old program) for teaching reading to elementary school children. Describe how this study could be done as a posttest-only nonequivalent control group design. Next, describe how this study could be done as a
A researcher measures personality characteristics for a group of participants who successfully lost weight in a diet program, and compared their scores with a second group consisting of individuals who failed to lose weight in the program. Is this study a differential design? Explain your answer.
Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) conducted a series of studies comparing the effectiveness of taking classroom notes on laptops versus writing longhand. In one study, students were instructed to use their normal classroom note-taking strategy using either a notebook or a laptop while they watched a
Give an example of a situation (aside from gender) in which a researcher must examine preexisting groups.
Explain why we can be more confident about causal relationships between variables when a quasi-experimental design is used instead of a nonexperimental design.
Why are studies that examine the effects of aging not considered true experiments?
Explain the distinction between experimental and nonexperimental research strategies.
Define the following terms:Individual differencesDifferential effectsHistoryInstrumentationOrder effectsMaturationStatistical regressionInterrupted time-series designsSingle-case, or single-subject designsParticipant attrition, or participant mortality
At the beginning of this chapter, we described a study in which participants shouted either a swear word or a neutral word over and over while holding one hand in a bowl of ice water. The study obtained two scores for each participant: how long the pain could be tolerated while swearing and how
Describe the disadvantages of a multiple-treatment design, compared to a two-treatment design, for a within-subjects experiment.
Explain how a matched-subjects design attempts to avoid the major problem with between-subjects experiments (individual differences) and the major problem with within-subjects experiments (time-related factors).
Explain why partial counterbalancing is sometimes necessary.
Describe the circumstances in which counterbalancing is used and explain what it is trying to accomplish.
Under what circumstances is it advisable to switch to a between-subjects design instead of using a within-subjects design?
Time-related factors and order effects can threaten internal validity for some within-subjects experiments. Describe the kind of study for which these factors can be a problem and explain how they can be a confounding variable in some within-subjects designs.
Describe the characteristics of a within-subjects experimental research design.
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:Within-subjects designRepeated-measures designPracticeFatigueContrast effectComplete counterbalancingPartial counterbalancingLatin squareParticipant attrition
Identify the advantages of a multiple-group design compared to an experiment with only two groups.
Describe the advantages of a two-group design compared to an experiment with more than two groups.
Describe some of the problems that can arise when the participants in one treatment condition of a between-subjects experiment are allowed to communicate with participants in a different condition.
Explain how holding a participant variable such as gender constant prevents the variable from becoming a confounding variable and can help reduce the variance within treatments. Identify the problem with using this method.
Describe how individual differences can produce large variance within treatments and explain why this is a problem in a between subjects experiment.
A recent survey at a major corporation found that employees who regularly participated in the company fitness program tended to have fewer sick days than employees who did not participate. However, because the study was not a true experiment, you cannot conclude that regular exercise causes
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using random assignment as a method to prevent individual differences from becoming confounding variables.
Briefly explain how a participant characteristic, such as personality, could be a confounding variable in a between-subjects experiment.
A researcher has a sample of 30 rats that are all cloned from the same source. The 30 rats are genetically identical and have been raised in exactly the same environment since birth. The researcher conducts an experiment, randomly assigning 10 of the clones to treatment A, 10 to treatment B, and
In a between-subjects design, each individual score is obtained from a separate participant.a. Briefly explain why this is an advantage.b. Briefly explain why this is a disadvantage.
At the beginning of this chapter (p. 186), we described a study comparing the effectiveness of studying material printed on paper to studying material displayed on a computer screen (Ackerman & Goldsmith, 2011). Explain why this study is an example of a between-subjects design and describe how
In addition to the key words, you should also be able toDefine the following terms:Within-subjects designBetween-subjects designIndependent-measures designRandom assignmentVariance within treatments, or variance within groupsdifferential attritionDiffusionCompensatory equalizationCompensatory
What is the general purpose for using a simulation or a field study for experimental research?
What is the general purpose of a manipulation check?
Can a research study be an experiment without a control group? Can a study be an experiment without controlling extraneous variables?
Explain how the process of randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions should prevent a participant variable such as age or gender from becoming a confounding variable.
Identify the two active methods of preventing extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables.
Identify the two characteristics needed for a research study to qualify as an experiment.
Define extraneous variable and explain how extraneous variables can become confounding variables.
A researcher would like to compare two methods for teaching math to third-grade students. Two third-grade classes are obtained for the study. Mr. Jones teaches one class using method A, and Mrs. Smith teaches the other class using method B. At the end of the year, the students from the method-B
It has been demonstrated that students with high self-esteem tend to have higher grades than students with low self-esteem. Does this relationship mean that higher self-esteem causes better academic performance? Does it mean that better academic performance causes higher self-esteem? Explain your
In an experiment examining human memory, two groups of participants are used. One group is allowed 5 minutes to study a list of 40 words and the second group is given 10 minutes of study time for the same list of words. Then, both groups are given a memory test, and the researcher records the
Dr. Jones conducted a study examining the relationship between the amount of sugar in a child’s diet and the activity level of the child. A sample of thirty four-year-old children from a local preschool was used in the study. Sugar consumption was measured by interviewing the parents about each
In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:Third-variable problemDirectionality problemConfounding variableRandom processPlaceboMundane realismExperimental realism
Selection bias and individual differences are both potential problems dealing with the participants in a study.a. Identify which of these is a threat to internal validity and which is a threat to external validity, and describe how each one is a threat.b. Suppose that you were planning a research
Describe how participant reactivity can be a threat to external validity; that is, how can participant reactivity limit the ability to generalize research results?
Describe how experimenter bias can be a threat to internal validity; that is, how can experimenter bias provide an explanation for the scores in one condition being higher than the scores in a second condition?
What is the primary threat to internal validity for a study that compares different groups of participants?
Suppose that you wake up in the morning with all the symptoms of a head cold. You take a cold pill and eat a big bowl of your mother’s chicken soup. By midday your cold symptoms are gone, and you are feeling much better. Can you conclude that the chicken soup cured your cold? Explain why or why
What is the novelty effect, and how does it affect a study’s external validity?
Explain how using college students as participants in a study may limit the external validity of a study’s research findings.
A researcher finds that college students are more anxious near final exams in December than at the beginning of the semester in September. However, it is not clear whether the anxiety is caused by exams or by the change in season. Does this study have a problem with internal validity or external
A researcher conducts a study with 6-year-old children at a summer computer camp for gifted children. However, the researcher suspects that different results would be obtained if the study were conducted with non-gifted 6-year-old children. Does this study have a problem with internal validity or
Explain the difference among the terms research strategy, research design, and research procedure.
How is the descriptive strategy different from the other four research strategies?
For each of the following scenarios, identify which research strategy is used: descriptive, correlational, experimental, or nonexperimental. (Note: For now, do not differentiate between nonexperimental and quasi-experimental studies. The distinction between them is discussed in Chapter 10.)a. Dr.
Define each of the following terms:Descriptive research strategyLinear relationshipCurvilinear relationshipPositive relationshipNegative relationshipCorrelational research strategyExperimental research strategyQuasi-experimental research strategyNonexperimental research strategySelection
Explain how the non-probability technique of quota sampling can be used to mimic the probability technique of stratified random sampling.
For each of the following scenarios, identify which sampling method is used:a. The State College is conducting a survey of student attitudes and opinions. The plan is to use the list of all registered students and then select every 10th name on the list to make up the sample. b. The city
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of convenience sampling.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a stratified random sample compared with a proportionate stratified random sample.
Under what circumstances is a proportionate stratified random sample preferred to a simple random sample?
Under what circumstances is a stratified random sample preferred to a simple random sample?
Explain how a researcher using simple random sampling can still obtain a biased sample.
If a researcher selects a sample from each of the following populations, then which is likely to be a probability sample and which is likely to be a non-probability sample?a. The population consists of the children enrolled in a prekindergarten program in a local school district.b. The population
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