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research methods behavioral
Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions
Examine the statements from Exercise 5.46, repeated here. If this conclusion is incorrect, what type of error have you made? Explain your answer.a. When false information is repeated several times, people seem to be more likely, on average, to develop false memories than when the information is not
For each of the following fictional outcomes, state whether you would reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis (contingent, of course, on inferential statistics backing up the statement). Explain the rationale for your decision.a. When false information is repeated several times, people seem to
For each of the following studies, cite the likely null hypothesis and the likely research hypothesis.a. A forensic cognitive psychologist wondered whether repetition of false information (versus no repetition) would increase the tendency to develop false memories, on average.b. A clinical
Gamblers often falsely predict the outcome of a future trial based on the outcome of previous trials. When trials are independent, we cannot predict the outcome of a future trial based on the outcomes of previous trials.For each of the following examples, (i) state whether the trials are
A deck of playing cards has 4 suits and 13 cards in each suit, for a total of 52 cards. Imagine you draw one card from the deck, record what the card is, and then put it back in the deck. Let’s say you repeat this process 15 times, and 5 of the 15 cards are aces. Answer the following questions
Short-run proportions are often quite different from long-run probabilities.a. In your own words, explain why we would expect short-run proportions to fluctuate but why longrun probabilities are more predictable.b. What is the expected long-run probability of heads if you flip a coin many, many
Explain how the general tendency of a confirmation bias might make it difficult to change negative thought patterns that accompany depression.
Refering to your friend from Exercise 5.39, assume he backs up his claim by recounting two events over the past week in which female drivers have erred (e.g., cutting him off in traffic, not using a turn signal). Explain how the confirmation bias is at work in your friend’s statements and how
Assume that one of your male friends is complaining about female drivers, stating that men are much better drivers than women. If objective studies of the driving performance of men and women revealed no mean difference between the two groups, what kind of bias has your friend shown?
For each of the following hypothetical scenarios, state whether selection or assignment is being described. Is the method of selection or assignment random? Explain your answer.a. A study of the services offered by counseling centers at Canadian universities studied 20 universities;every Canadian
On its Web site, Advocates for Self-Government offers the “World’s Smallest Internet Political Quiz,” focusing on the U.S. political spectrum. Using just 10 questions, the quiz identifies a person’s political leanings. As of January 25, 2010, a total of 14,315,608 people had taken the quiz.
Cosmopolitan magazine (Cosmo as it’s known popularly)publishes many of its well-known quizzes on its Web site. One quiz, aimed at heterosexual women, is titled“Are You Way Too Obssessed with Your Ex?” The quiz poses situations for which participants must choose how they’d act from among
A volunteer sample is a kind of convenience sample in which participants select themselves to participate. On August 19, 2005, USA Today published an online poll on its Web site asking this question about U.S. college football: “Who is your pick to win the ACC conference this year?” Eight
For each of the following studies, state (i) whether random selection could have been used, and explain whether it would have been possible. Explain also to what population the researcher wanted to and could generalize and state (ii) whether random assignment could have been used, and whether it
Imagine that you have been hired by the Psychology Department at your school to administer a survey to psychology majors about their experiences in the department. You have been asked to randomly select 60 majors from the overall pool of 300. You are working on this project in your dorm room using
Refer to Exercises 5.30 and 5.31 when responding to the following questions:a. Describe how the researcher would randomly assign the participants to the levels of the independent variable. Be sure to explain how the levels of the independent variable would be numbered and what sets of digits the
Continuing with the study described in Exercise 5.30, once the researcher had randomly selected his sample of 100 school psychologists, he decided to randomly assign 50 of them to receive, as part of their survey materials, a newspaper article about the improving job market for school
Approximately 21,000 school psychologists are members of the U.S.-based National Association of School Psychologists. Of these, about 5000 have doctoral degrees. A researcher wants to randomly select 100 of the doctoral-level school psychologists for a survey study regarding aspects of their jobs,
In France in the fall of 2005, many communities of immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa experienced a great deal of violence, particularly car burnings, committed by their young people. Social science research can help to diminish or avoid such violence. Consider the following
Using the random numbers table in Exercise 5.18, estimate the probability of the number 6 appearing in a random sequence of numbers. Base your answer on the numbers that appear in the first two rows.
Convert the following percentages to proportions:a. 62.7%b. 0.3%c. 4.2%
Convert the following proportions to percentages:a. 0.0173b. 0.8c. 0.3719
On a game show, eight people have won the grand prize and a total of 266 people have competed. Estimate the probability of winning the grand prize.
What is the probability of hitting a target if, in the long run, 71 out of every 489 attempts actually hit the target?
Explain why, given the general tendency for people to perceive illusory correlations, it is important to collect objective data.
Explain why, given the general tendency for people to exhibit the confirmation bias, it is important to collect objective data.
You are running a study with five conditions. Assign the first seven participants who arrive at your lab to conditions, not worrying about equal assignment across conditions. Use the random numbers table in Exercise 5.18, and read from left to right starting in the third row from the top.
Randomly assign eight people to three conditions of a study using the random numbers table in Exercise 5.18.Read from right to left starting in the top row. (Note:Assign people to conditions without concern for having an equal number of people in each condition.)
to determine the first six people to be checked. Work from top to bottom, starting in the 4th column, and allow the number 0 to represent the 10th person.
Airport security makes random checks of passenger bags every day. If one in every 10 passengers is checked, use the random numbers table in Exercise
Forty-three tractor-trailers are parked for the night in a rest stop along a major highway. You assign each truck a number from 1 to 43. Moving from left to right and using the second line in the random numbers table below, select four trucks to weigh as they leave the rest stop in the
What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error?
What are the two decisions or conclusions we can make about our hypotheses based on the data?
What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a research hypothesis?
One step in hypothesis testing is to randomly assign members of the sample into the control group and the experimental group. What is the difference between these two groups?
How is the term independent used by statisticians?
We distinguish between probabilities and pro por tions.How does each capture the likelihood of an outcome?
Statisticians use terms like trial, outcome, and success in a particular way in reference to probability. What do each of these three terms mean in this context?
How does the confirmation bias lead to the perpetuation of an illusory correlation?
What is an illusory correlation?
What is the confirmation bias?
Ideally, an experiment would use random sampling so that the data would accurately reflect the larger population. For practical reasons, this is difficult to do. How does random assignment help make up for a lack of random selection?
What does it mean to replicate research, and how does this impact our confidence?
What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?
What is a volunteer sample, and what is the risk associated with it?
What is generalizability?
What is the difference between a random sample and a convenience sample?
Why do we study samples rather than populations?
to calculate the interquartile range(IQR).b. How does the IQR you calculated in part (a) differ from the range you calculated in Exercise 4.42, and why is it different?
a. Use your computation of the first and third quartiles in Exercise
Use the data from Exercise 4.42 to determine the first and third quartiles for this set of observations.
Guinness World Records relies on what kind of data for its amazing claims? How does this relate to the calculation of ranges?
When the average height or average weight of children is plotted to create growth charts, do you think it would be appropriate to use the mean for these data? There are often outliers for height, but why might we not have to be concerned with their effect on these data?
Refer to the data from Exercise 4.49.a. How do you think these daily “averages” were calculated—using means or medians?b. Do you think TV viewing habits might vary by other personal or demographic characteristics?Could these represent confounds?c. How might you collect samples to more
According to a 2007 article on the Economist.com Web site, Americans are the international leaders in TV viewing, averaging 8 hours and 11 minutes a day. Below are approximate, daily average viewing times for 12 countries based on this source:
The U.S. Census Bureau collects and analyzes data on numerous aspects of American life by state, including the percentage of people with high school degrees, bachelor’s degrees, and advanced degrees. If you wanted to calculate the “average” percentage of people with advanced degrees across
Here are the numbers of wins for the 30 National Basketball Association teams in the 2004–2005 season.
For each of the following distributions, state whether it’s more likely to be unimodal or bimodal. Explain your answer.a. Age of patients in a hospital maternity wardb. Depression scores on a Beck Depression Inventoryc. GRE scores of applicants to sociology graduate programsd. The cost of an AIDS
Consider the many possible distributions of grades on a quiz in a statistics class; imagine that the grades could range from 0 to 100. For each of the following situations, give a hypothetical mean and median (that is, make up a mean and a median that might occur with a distribution that has this
For each of the following situations, state whether the mean would be a statistic or a parameter. Explain your answer.a. According to 1991 Canadian census data, the mean income (from employment only) of French speaking Canadians living in Ontario was $29,527, higher than the general population mean
Here again are the data from the National Survey of Student Engagement for a sample of 19 national universities, as reported in 2005. These are the percentages of U.S. students who said they were assigned between 5 and 10 20-page papers.
The National Survey of Student Engagement asked U.S. students how often they asked questions in class or participated in classroom discussions. The options were“never,” “sometimes,” “often,” and “very often.” Here are the percentages, reported in 2005, of students who responded
When you see an ad on TV for a body-shaping product(e.g., an abdominal muscle machine), often a person with a wonderful success story is featured in the ad. The statement “individual results may vary” hints at what kind of data the advertisement may be presenting.a. What kind of data is being
Find an advertisement for a weight-loss product either online or in the print media—the more unbelievable the claims, the better!a. What does the ad promise that this product will do for the consumer?b. What data does it offer for its promised benefits?Does it offer any descriptive statistics or
Briefly describe a real-life situation in which the median is preferable to the mean. Give hypothetical numbers for the mean and median in your explanation. Be original! (Don’t use home prices or another example from the chapter.)
Here are winning percentages for 11 baseball players for their best four-year pitching performances:0.755, 0.721, 0.708, 0.773, 0.782, 0.747, 0.477, 0.817, 0.617, 0.650, 0.651.a. What is the mean of these scores?b. What is the median of these scores?c. Compare the mean and median. Does the
There appears to be an outlier in the data for peak wind gust recorded on top of Mount Washington (see data in Exercise 4.24). Where do you see an outlier and how does excluding this data point affect the different calculations of central tendency?
The “normal” weather data from the Mount Washington Observatory are broken down by months. Why might you not want to average across all months in a year? How else could you summarize the year?
Back in Exercises 4.17 and 4.18, we saw how the mean and median changed when an outlier was included in the computations. If you were reporting the “average”salary at a company, how might the mean and median give different impressions to potential applicants?
For the data presented in Exercise 4.24, the “normal”daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Mount Washington Observatory are presented for each month. These are likely to be measures of central tendency for each month over time. Explain why these “normal” temperatures might
so much smaller than the range you calculated in Exercise 4.30?
Why is the interquartile range you calculated for Exercise
Using the data presented in Exercise 4.24, calculate the interquartile range for peak wind gust.
Calculate the interquartile range for the following set of data:2 5 1 3 3 4 3 6 7 1 4 3 7 2 2 2 8 3 3 12 1
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the peak wind gust data presented in Exercise 4.24.
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the record low temperatures recorded on top of Mount Washington presented in Exercise 4.24.
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the normal daily minimum temperature across the year presented in Exercise 4.24.
When no mode appears in the raw data, we can compute a mode by breaking the data into intervals. How might you do this for the peak wind gust data presented in Exercise 4.24?
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the peak wind gust data presented in Exercise 4.24.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the record low temperatures recorded on top of Mount Washington presented in Exercise 4.24.
The Mount Washington Observatory (MWO) in New Hampshire claims to have the world’s worst weather.Below are some data on the weather extremes recorded at the MWO. Calculate the mean and median normal daily minimum temperature across the year.
Describe the variability in the data presented in Exercise 4.22. by computing the range.
Here are the U.S. News & World Report data again on percentage of alumni giving at the top 70 national universities.48 61 45 39 46 37 38 34 33 47 29 38 38 34 29 29 36 48 27 25 15 25 14 26 33 16 33 32 25 34 26 32 11 15 25 9 25 40 12 20 32 10 24 9 16 21 12 14 18 20 18 25 18 20 23 9 16 17 19 15 14 18
How does the range change when you include the outlier salary, $97,582, with the data from Exercise 4.16?
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the salaries in Exercise 4.16.
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 4.15.
Add another salary, $97,582, to the data presented in Exercise 4.16. Calculate the mean, median, and mode again. How does this new salary affect your calculations?
Add another data point, 112, to the data presented in Exercise 4.15. Calculate the mean, median, and mode again.How does this new data point affect your calculations?
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the following salaries: $44,751, $52,000, $41,500, $38,862,$51,380, $61,774.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the following data: 15, 34, 32, 46, 22, 36, 34, 28, 52, 28.
At what percentile is the third quartile?Calculating the Statistics
At what percentile is the first quartile?
Using your knowledge of how to calculate the median, describe how to calculate the first and third quartiles of your data.
How does the interquartile range differ from the range?
Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (i) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (ii) explain why the symbol(s) in the original statement is/are incorrect, and (iii) state what symbol(s)should be used.a.
Why is the standard deviation typically reported rather than the variance?
Define the symbols used in the equation for variance:
Are the mean and median affected by outliers?
What is an outlier?
In what situations is the mode typically used?
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