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research methods behavioral
Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions
Consider again the study discussed in Exercises 14.40 and 14.41.a. Change the cell mean for the participants who had a healthy test outcome and who completed the dependent measure prior to the TAA test so that this is now a qualitative interaction.b. Draw a bar graph depicting the pattern that
In the study described in Exercise 14.40, Ditto and Lopez (1992) found the following means for those who completed the dependent measure prior to taking the TAA test: unhealthy result, 6.6; healthy result, 6.9. They found the following means for those who completed the dependent measure after
A study on motivated skepticism examined whether participants were more likely to be skeptical when it served their self-interest (Ditto & Lopez, 1992).Ninety-three participants completed a fictitious medical test that told them they had high levels of a certain enzyme, TAA. Participants were
A researcher wondered about the degree to which age was a factor for those posting personal ads on Match.com. He randomly selected 200 ads and examined data about the posters (the people who posted the ads). Specifically, for each ad, he calculated the difference between the poster’s age and the
In a fictional study, a cognitive psychologist studied memory for names after a group activity that lasted 20 minutes. The researcher randomly assigned 120 participants to one of three conditions: (1) group members introduced themselves once (one introduction only), (2) group members were
Consider the study we used as an example for a twoway between-groups ANOVA. Older and younger people were randomly assigned to hear either one repetition or three repetitions of a health-related myth, accompanied by the accurate information that “busted”the myth.a. Explain why this study would
Imagine that a college professor is interested in the effects of a new instructional method on the math performance of first-year college students. All students take a math pretest and then are randomly assigned to a class using the new instructional method or a class using the old method. At the
A nutritional software program called DietPower offers encouragement to its users when they sign in each day. In one instance, the program states that people at their ideal body weight tend to have higher salaries than do people who are overweight and then explicitly states that losing weight might
In Exercise 13.25, we described a study conducted at Yale University in which researchers randomly assigned 46 participants to place one of three sub stances below their eyes: black grease, black antiglare stickers, or petroleum jelly. They assessed eye glare using a contrast chart that gives a
Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R2 values for each effect. Using Cohen’s conventions, explain what these values mean.
Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R2 values for each effect. Using Cohen’s conventions, explain what these values mean.
Using what you know about the expanded source table, fill in the missing values in the table shown here:
Using your work in Exercises 14.26 and 14.28, create a source table.
Using your work in Exercises 14.25 and 14.27, create a source table.
Using the data provided in Exercise 14.22, calculate each sum of squares:a. Total sum of squaresb. Between-groups sum of squares for independent variable campusc. Between-groups sum of squares for independent variable schoold. Within-groups sum of squarese. Sum of squares for the interaction
Using the data provided in Exercise 14.21, calculate each sum of squares:a. Total sum of squaresb. Between-groups sum of squares for independent variable genderc. Between-groups sum of squares for independent variable sporting eventd. Within-groups sum of squarese. Sum of squares for the interaction
Calculate the five different degrees of freedom for the data presented in Exercise 14.22. Also indicate the critical F value based on each set of degrees of freedom, assuming the p level is 0.05.
Calculate the five different degrees of freedom for the data presented in Exercise 14.21. Also indicate the critical F value based on each set of degrees of freedom, assuming the p level is 0.01.
Draw a bar graph for the data presented in Exercise 14.22.
Draw a bar graph for the data presented in Exercise 14.21.
For the following data, calculate cell and marginal means and place them in an appropriate table. Notice the unequal Ns.“Dry” campus, state school: 47, 52, 27, 50“Dry” campus, private school: 25, 33, 31“Wet” campus, state school: 77, 61, 55, 48“Wet” campus, pr ivate school: 52, 68,
For the following “enjoyment” data, calculate cell and marginal means.
Calculate the number of cells in each of these studies.Create an empty grid to represent these cells.a. Men and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events, ice hockey and figure skating, are compared using a 20-point enjoyment scale.b. The amount of underage drinking, as doc umented in
Identify the factors and their levels in the following research designs.a. Men and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events are compared using a 20-point enjoyment scale.b. The amount of underage drinking, as documented in formal incident reports, is compared at “dry” college
When might a researcher decide to use an ANCOVA rather than an ANOVA?
When might a researcher decide to use a MANOVA rather than an ANOVA?
How is a MANOVA different from an ANOVA?
How is an ANCOVA different from an ANOVA?
In your own words, define the word interaction, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
Define the terms in the following formula: SSinteraction SStotal (SSrows SScolumns SSwithin).
When are post-hoc tests needed for a two-way between-groups ANOVA?
In step 6 of our hypothesis testing for a two-way between-groups ANOVA, we make a decision for each F statistic. What are the three possible outcomes with respect to the overall pattern of results?
How do we calculate the between-groups degrees of freedom for an interaction effect?
How do bar graphs help us identify and interpret interactions? Explain how the addition of lines to the bar graph can help.
What are the three ways to identify a statistically significant interaction?
What is a marginal mean?
What are the three different F statistics in a two-way ANOVA?
What is the difference in information provided when we say two-way ANOVA versus 2 3 ANOVA?
What is a four-way within-groups ANOVA?
In your own words, define the word cell, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
What is a factor?
What is a two-way ANOVA?
The most recent version of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association recommends reporting the exact p values for all statistical tests to three decimal places (previously, it recommended reporting p 0.05 or p 0.05). Explain how the new reporting format allows a reader to
Researchers who conducted a study of brain activation and romantic love divided their analyses into two groups (Aron et al., 2005). Some analyses—those for which they had developed specific hypotheses prior to data collection—used a p level of 0.05. The rest of the analyses used a p level of
Based on your knowledge of the relation of the t and F distributions, complete the accompanying software output tables. The table for the independent-samples t test and the table for the one-way between-groups ANOVA were calculated using the identical fictional data comparing grade point averages
Two samples of students, one comprised of social science majors and one comprised of students with other majors, completed the CFC. The accompanying tables include the output from software for an independentsamples t test and a one-way between-groups ANOVA on these data.
In Exercise 12.46 we used a one-way between-groups ANOVA to explore patients’ likelihood of wearing orthodontic appliances. The researchers compared students in primary school, junior high school, and high school. The data presented were hours spent wearing the appliance per day.Primary school:
In How It Works 12.1, we conducted a one-way between-groups ANOVA on an abbreviated data set from research by Irwin and colleagues (2004) on adherence to an exercise regimen. Participants were asked to attend a monthly group education program to help them change their exercise behavior. Attendance
In Exercise 12.47, you conducted an ANOVA on data regarding employees’ trust in supervisors. Conduct a Tukey HSD test. What did you learn?
In Exercise 12.46, you conducted an ANOVA on the use of orthodontics appliances by three age groups.Conduct a Tukey HSD test. What did you learn by conducting these analyses?
In Chapter 11, we introduced a study by Steele and Pinto(2006) that examined whether people’s level of trust in their direct supervisor was related to their level of agreement with a policy supported by that leader. Steele and Pinto found that the extent to which subordinates agreed with their
Iranian researchers studied factors affecting patients’likelihood of wearing orthodontic appliances, noting that orthodontics is perhaps the area of health care with the highest need for patient cooperation (Behenam &Pooya, 2006). Among their analyses, they compared students in primary school,
Researchers asked 180 U.S. students to identify their political viewpoint as most similar to that of the Republicans, most similar to that of the Democrats, or neither. All three groups then completed a religiosity scale.The researchers wondered whether political orientation affected levels of
Do people remember names better under different circumstances? In a fictional study, a cognitive psychologist studied memory for names after a group activity that lasted 20 minutes. Participants were not told that this was a study of memory. After the group activity, participants were asked to name
Catherine Ruby (2006), a doctoral student at New York University, conducted an online survey to ascertain the reasons that international students chose to attend graduate school in the United States. One of several dependent variables that she considered was reputation;students were asked to rate
The z, t, and F distributions are closely linked. In fact, it is possible to use an F distribution in all cases in which a t or a z could be used.a. If you calculated an F statistic of 4.22 but you could have used a t statistic (i.e., the situation met all criteria for using a t statistic), what
For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is a z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer.a. A student reads in her Introduction to Psychology textbook that the mean IQ is 100. She asks 10 friends what their IQ scores are (they
For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is a z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer.a. A city employee locates a U.S. Census report that includes the mean and standard deviation for income in the state of Wyoming and then
Focusing on coverage of the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Julia R. Fox, a telecommunications professor at Indiana University, wondered whether The Daily Show, despite its comedy format, was a valid source of news. She coded a number of half-hour episodes of The Daily Show as well as a number of
Consider the abbreviated version of the study by Irwin and colleagues (2004) that we analyzed in How It Works 12.1. Assume we decide to do Bonferroni posthoc comparisons rather than use Tukey’s HSD.a. With a desired p level of 0.05 overall, what would the cutoff p value be for each comparison
A researcher designs an experiment in which the single independent variable has four levels. If the researcher performed an ANOVA and rejected the null hypothesis, how many post-hoc comparisons would the researcher make (assuming she was making all possible comparisons)?
Each of the following is a calculated F statistic with its degrees of freedom. Using the F table, estimate the level of significance for each. You can do this by indicating whether its likelihood of occurring is greater than or less than a p level shown on the table.a. F 4.11, with 3 dfbetween and
Calculate Tukey HSD values for the necessary comparisons following the F statistic you calculated in Exercise 12.32. Remember that this F statistic was based on the data originally presented in Exercise 12.20 and that you worked with in Exercise 12.30.
Compute effect size for the data provided below (from Exercise 12.21), assuming a between-groups design.1970: 45, 211, 158, 74 1980: 92, 128, 382 1990: 273, 396, 178, 248, 374
Using all of your calculations from Exercises 12.21 and 12.31, perform the simple division to complete an entire ANOVA source table for these data.
Using all of your calculations from Exercises 12.20 and 12.30, perform the simple division to complete an entire ANOVA source table for these data.
Using the data from Exercise 12.21, calculate each of the following for a between-groups design:a. Total sum of squaresb. Within-groups sum of squaresc. Between-groups sum of squares
Using the data from Exercise 12.20, calculate each of the following for a between-groups design:a. Total sum of squaresb. Within-groups sum of squaresc. Between-groups sum of squares
Calculate a mean for each group and a grand mean for these data from Exercise 12.21.1970: 45, 211, 158, 74 1980: 92, 128, 382 1990: 273, 396, 178, 248, 374
Calculate a mean for each group and a grand mean for these data from Exercise 12.20.Group 1: 11, 17, 22, 15 Group 2: 21, 15, 16 Group 3: 7, 8, 3, 10, 6, 4 Group 4: 13, 6, 17, 27, 20
An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missing values.
Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:a. Between-groups variance is 321.83 and withingroups variance is 177.24.b. Between-groups variance is 2.79 and within-groups variance is 2.20.c. Within-groups variance is 41.60 and betweengroups variance is
Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:a. Between-groups variance is 29.4 and within-groups variance is 19.1.b. Within-groups variance is 0.27 and between-groups variance is 1.56.c. Between-groups variance is 4595 and withingroups variance is 3972.
Using the F table and a p level of 0.05, determine the critical value for the degrees of freedom determined in Exercise 12.21.
Using the F table and a p level of 0.05, determine the critical value for the degrees of freedom determined in Exercise 12.20.
Calculate each type of degrees of freedom for the following data, assuming a between-groups design:1970: 45, 211, 158, 74 1980: 92, 128, 382 1990: 273, 396, 178, 248, 374a. dfbetweenb. dfwithinc. dftotal
Calculate each type of degrees of freedom for the following data, assuming a between-groups design:Group 1: 11, 17, 22, 15 Group 2: 21, 15, 16 Group 3: 7, 8, 3, 10, 6, 4 Group 4: 13, 6, 17, 27, 20a. dfbetweenb. dfwithinc. dftotal
What are the necessary steps for performing a Bonferroni post-hoc comparison?
Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (i) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (ii) explain why the symbol(s) in the original statement is/are incorrect, and (iii) state what symbol(s)should be used.a.
Find the error in the statistics language in each of the following statements about z, t, or F distributions or their related tests. Explain why it is incorrect and provide the correct word.a. The professor reported the mean and standard error for the final exam in the statistics class.b. Before we
What does post-hoc mean, and when are these tests needed with ANOVA?
What are Cohen’s conventions for interpreting effect size using R2?
We typically measure effect size with ________ for a z test or a t test and with ________ for an ANOVA.
How do we calculate the between-groups sum of squares?
What is the grand mean?
The total sum of squares for a between-groups ANOVA is found by adding what two statistics together?
Explain the concept of sum of squares.
In your own words, define the word source as you would use it in everyday conversation. Provide at least two different meanings that might be used. Then define the word as a statistician would use it.
Why is the F statistic always positive?
The null hypothesis for ANOVA posits no difference among population means, as in other hypothesis tests, but the research hypothesis in this case is a bit different.Why?
What are the three assumptions for a between-groups ANOVA?
What is the difference between a within-groups(repeated- measures) ANOVA and a between-groups ANOVA?
The F statistic is a ratio of between-groups variance and within-groups variance. What are these two types of variance?
What do the F distributions allow us to do that the t distributions do not?
What is an ANOVA?
Add to your work from Exercises 11.45 and 11.50 by completing the following:a. Calculate the appropriate measure of effect size for this sample.b. Based on Cohen’s conventions, is this a small, medium, or large effect size?
Add to your work from Exercises 11.44 and 11.49 by completing the following:a. Calculate the appropriate measure of effect size for this sample.b. Based on Cohen’s conventions, is this a small, medium, or large effect size?c. Why is it useful to have this information in addition to the results of
Add to your work from Exercises 11.43 and 11.48 by completing the following:a. Calculate the appropriate measure of effect size for this sample.b. Based on Cohen’s conventions, is this a small, medium, or large effect size?c. Why is it useful to have this information in addition to the results of
In an example we used in Exercises 11.42 and 11.47, we reported data from our statistics classes in which male and female students were asked how long, in minutes, they typically spend getting ready for a date. Here are some of the calculations we needed to conduct the independent-samples t
In Exercises 11.41and 11.46, we considered a study by Raz and colleagues (2005) for which we conducted an independent-samples t test. En route to calculating the test statistic, we made the following calculations:
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