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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition Susan A. Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions
What is the primary weakness of stepwise multiple regression?
What is the difference between stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical multiple regression?
What is an orthogonal variable?
What information does the proportionate reduction in error give us?
What are the basic steps to calculate the proportionate reduction in error?
When drawing error lines between data points and the regression line, why is it important that these lines be perfectly vertical?
What is the SStotal?
Explain why the regression equation is a better source of predictions than the mean.
What is the connection between regression to the mean and the bell-shaped normal curve?
Why are explanations of the causes behind relations explored with regression limited in the same way they are with correlation?
What is the difference between a small standard error of the estimate and a large one?
How are the sign of the correlation coefficient and the sign of the slope related?
Why do we also call the regression line the line of best fit?
What does the slope tell us?
When is the intercept not meaningful or useful?
What are the three steps to calculate the intercept?
The equation for a line is Yˆ a b(X). Define the symbols a and b.
What do each of the symbols stand for in the formula for the regression equation: ?
Is there any difference between Yˆ and a predicted score for Y?
How does the regression line relate to the correlation of the two variables?
What does regression add above and beyond what we learn from correlation?
A study by Nolan and colleagues (2003) examined the relation between externalizing behaviors (acting out)and anxiety in adolescents. Depression has been shown to relate to both of these variables. What role might depression play in the observed positive relation between these variables? The
New York State’s fourth-grade English exam led to an outcry from parents because of a question that was perceived to be an unfair measure of fourth graders’ performance. Students read a story, “Why the Rooster Crows at Dawn,” that described an arrogant rooster who claims to be king, and
The Wall Street Journal reported on a study of holiday weight gain. Researchers assessed weight gain by asking people how much weight they typically gain in the fall and winter (Parker-Pope, 2005). The average answer was 2.3 kilograms. But a study of actual weight gain over this period found that
Refer to the scale described in Exercise 15.58, the PLS.a. What is the idea that this measure is trying to assess?b. What would it mean for this measure to be valid?Be specific.
Aron and colleagues (2005) found a correlation between intense romantic love [as assessed by the Passionate Love Scale (PLS)] and activation in a specific region of the brain [as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)]. The PLS (Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986) assessed the intensity of
Let’s take the analysis based on our candy data in Exercise 15.56 a little further.a. Perform the six steps of hypothesis testing.b. What limitations are there to the conclusions you can draw based on this correlation?c. Use the A-B-C model to explain possible causes for the relation between
Did you know that sometimes you eat more just because the food is in front of you? Geier, Rozin, and Doros(2006) studied how portion size affected the amount people consumed. They discovered interesting things, such as people eat more M&M’s when they are dispensed using a big spoon compared with
Using the data provided in Exercise 15.54, test the hypothesis that grades are related to participation in athletics.a. Perform the six steps of hypothesis testing.b. What limitations are there to the conclusions you can draw based on this correlation?c. How else could you have studied this
As this chapter is being written, March Madness, the final championship series in college basketball in the United States, is in full swing. The national sports media and news media enjoy covering the games and including human interest stories about the young men and women who compete at this elite
How safe are convertibles? USA Today (Healey, 2006)examined the pros and cons of convertible automobiles.The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the newspaper reported, determined that, depending on the model, 52 to 99 drivers of 1 million registered convertibles died in a car crash. The
A New York Times editorial (“Public vs. Private Schools,” 2006) cited a finding by the U.S. Department of Education that standardized test scores were significantly higher among students in private schools than among students in public schools.a. What are the researchers suggesting with respect
Imagine that a sports researcher wanted to quantify the relation between miles run in training per week and finish time for a 5-kilometer race.a. If the researcher studied a representative sample of North American adults, would you expect to find a relation between training and time? Would it be
The trashy tabloid Weekly World News published an article—“Water from Mountain Falls Can Make You a Genius”—stating that drinking water from a special waterfall in a secret location in Switzerland “boosts IQ by 14 points—in the blink of an eye!” (exclamation point in the original).
A friend tells you that there is a correlation between how late she’s running and the amount of traffic. Whenever she’s going somewhere and she’s behind schedule, there’s a lot of traffic. And when she has plenty of time, the traffic is sparser. She tells you that this happens no matter
Using the data and your work in Exercise 15.47, perform the remaining five steps of hypothesis testing to explore the relation between trauma and masculinity.a. Step 1: Identify the populations, distribution, and assumptions.b. Step 2: State the null and research hypotheses.c. Step 3: Determine the
See the description of Holiday’s experiment in Exercise 15.45. We calculated the correlation coefficient for the relation between the perception of a situation as traumatic and the perception of a woman’s femininity. Now let’s look at data to examine the relation between the perception of a
Using the data and your work in Exercise 15.45, perform the remaining five steps of hypothesis testing to explore the relation between trauma and femininity.a. Step 1: Identify the populations, distribution, and assumptions.b. Step 2: State the null and research hypotheses.c. Step 3: Determine the
Graduate student Angela Holiday (2007) conducted a study examining perceptions of combat veterans suffering from mental illness. Participants read a description of a person, either a man or a woman, who had recently returned from combat in Iraq and who was suffering from depression. Participants
Consider the scenario in Exercise 15.43 again. The two variables under consideration were (1) number of cats owned and (2) level of mental health problems (with a higher score indicating more problems). Each possible relation between these variables would be represented by a different scatterplot.
You may be aware of the stereotype about the crazy elderly person who owns a lot of cats. Have you wondered whether the stereotype is true? As a researcher, you decide to interview 100 senior citizens in a retirement complex. You assess all senior citizens on two variables:(1) the number of cats
For each of the following pairs of variables, would you expect a positive correlation or a negative correlation between the two variables? Explain your answer.a. How hard the rain is falling and your commuting timeb. How often you say no to dessert and your body fatc. The amount of wine you consume
Using the data in Exercise 15.40, perform all six steps of hypothesis testing to explore the relation between externalizing and anxiety.a. Step 1: Identify the populations, distribution, and assumptions.b. Step 2: State the null and research hypotheses.c. Step 3: Determine the characteristics of
A study on the relation between rejection and depression in adolescents conducted by one of the authors(Nolan, Flynn, & Garber, 2003) also collected data on externalizing behaviors (e.g., acting out in negative ways, such as causing fights) and anxiety. We wondered whether externalizing behaviors
Does the amount that people exercise correlate with the number of friends they have? The accompanying table contains data collected in some of our statistics classes. The first and third columns show hours exercised per week and the second and fourth columns show the number of close friends
In the newspaper column discussed at the beginning of this chapter, Paul Krugman (2006) mentioned obesity(as measured by body mass index) as a possible correlate of age at death.a. Describe the likely correlation between these variables. Is it likely to be positive or negative? Explain.b. Draw a
The New York Times reported that an officer of the International Society for Astrological Research, Anne Massey, stated that a certain phase of the planet Mer cury, the retrograde phase, leads to breakdowns in areas as wide-ranging as communication and travel(Newman, 2006). The Times reporter, Andy
There is a 0.86 correlation between variables A and B.The partial correlation between A and B, after controlling for a third variable, is 0.02. Does this third variable completely account for the relation between A and B?Explain your answer.
There is a 0.86 correlation between variables A and B.The partial correlation between A and B, after controlling for a third variable, is 0.86. Does this third variable completely account for the relation between A and B?Explain your answer.
There is a 0.86 correlation between variables A and B.The partial correlation between A and B, after controlling for a third variable, is 0.67. Does this third variable completely account for the relation between A and B?Explain your answer.
A researcher is deciding among three diagnostic tools.The first has a coefficient alpha of 0.82, the second one of 0.95, and the third one of 0.91. Based on this information, which tool would you suggest she use and why?
The following scatterplots depict hypothetical data from a sample of 30-year-old adults for the relation between the number of years of education a person has and the number of health complaints he or she reports in a year.For each, (i) indicate whether there appears to be a restriction-of-range
The following scatterplots depict hypothetical data for the relation between age and income. For each, (i) indicate whether there appears to be a restriction-ofrange problem and explain your answer; (ii) indicate whether there appears to be an outlier present and if one is present, explain how this
Determine the critical values, or cutoffs, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05, for the data provided in:a. Exercise 15.21b. Exercise 15.22c. Exercise 15.23
Determine the critical values, or cutoffs, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05, for each of the designs described in Exercise 15.27.
Calculate degrees of freedom for the data provided in each of the following:a. Exercise 15.21b. Exercise 15.22c. Exercise 15.23
Calculate degrees of freedom for each of the following designs:a. Forty students were recruited for a study about the relation between knowledge regarding academic integrity and values held by students, with the idea that students with less knowledge would care less about the issue than students
Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data provided in Exercise 15.23 by completing these three steps:a. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the correlation coefficient equation.b. Calculate the
Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data provided in Exercise 15.22 by completing these three steps:a. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the correlation coefficient equation.b. Calculate the
Calculate the correlation coefficient for the data provided in Exercise 15.21 by completing these three steps:a. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the correlation coefficient equation.b. Calculate the
Create a scatterplot for the following data:
Create a scatterplot for the following data: X Y 394 25 972 75 349 25 349 65 593 35 276 40 254 45 156 20 248 75
Create a scatterplot for the following data: x Y 0.13 645 0.27 486 0.49 435 0.57 689 0.84 137 0.64 167
For each of the pairs of correlation coefficients provided, determine which one indicates a stronger relation between variables:a. 0.28 and 0.31b. 0.79 and 0.61c. 1.0 and 1.0d. 0.15 and 0.13
Use Cohen’s guidelines to describe the strength of the following correlation coefficients:a. 0.28b. 0.79c. 1.0d. 0.015
Decide which of the three correlation coefficient values below goes with each of the scatterplots presented in Exercise 15.17 above.a. 0.545b. 0.018c. 0.20
Determine whether the data in each of the graphs provided would result in a negative or positive correlation coefficient.
How does partial correlation begin to address the thirdvariable problem?
How can an outlier affect the correlation coefficient?
What are the effects of a restricted range on the correlation coefficient?
What is the difference between test–retest reliability and coefficient alpha?
Describe the third assumption of hypothesis testing with correlation.
What are the three basic steps to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient?
What are the null and research hypotheses for cor -relations?
Explain how the sum of the product of deviations determines the sign of the correlation.
How are deviation scores used in assessing the relation between variables?
Explain how the correlation coefficient can be used as a descriptive or inferential statistic.
When we have a straight-line relation between two variables, we use a Pearson correlation coefficient. What does this coefficient describe?
What magnitude of a correlation coefficient is large enough to be considered important, or worth talking about?
What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?
Describe a perfect correlation, including its possible coefficients.
What is a linear relation?
What is a correlation coefficient?
Are samples or populations used in inferential statistics?
Are samples or populations used in inferential statistics?
Cox, Thomas, Hinton, and Donahue (2006) studied the effects of exercise on well-being. There were three independent variables: age (18–20 years old, 35–45 years old), intensity of exercise (low, moderate, high), and time point (15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes). The dependent variable was positive
Let’s follow up on what we learned in Exercise 14.51 about motivating helpful behavior through different forms and levels of payment. Compute the effect size, R2, for the main effect of form of payment, level of payment, and the interaction of these two variables. Using Cohen’s conventions,
Using your work from Exercise 14.49, compute the effect size, R2, for the main effect of gender of the seeker, gender being sought, and the interaction of these two variables. Using Cohen’s conventions, interpret the effect-size values.
Using your work from Exercise 14.48, compute the effect size, R2, for the main effect of gender, membership in a Greek organization, and the interaction of these two variables. Using Cohen’s conventions, interpret the effect-size values.
Back in How It Works 14.1, we worked through the six steps of hypothesis testing. Using that work, compute the effect size, R2, for each main effect and the interaction. Also interpret these effect sizes using Cohen’s conventions. The source table we constructed is presented here:
Expanding on the work of Heyman and Ariely (2004), let’s assume a higher level of payment was included and the following data were collected. (Notice that all data are the same as earlier, with the addition of new data under a high payment amount.)
Using the research and data given in Exercise 14.50, complete the following:a. Write the null and research hypotheses.b. Complete all of the calculations, and construct a full source table for these data.c. Determine the critical value for each effect at a p level of 0.05.d. Make your conclusions.
Heyman and Ariely (2004) were interested in whether effort and willingness to help were affected by the form and amount of payment offered in return for effort.They predicted that when money was used as payment, in what is called a money market, effort would increase as a function of payment level.
The data below were from the same 25-year-old participants described in How It Works 14.1, but now the scores represent the oldest age that would be acceptable in a dating partner.25-year-old women seeking men: 40, 35, 29, 35, 35 25-year-old men seeking women: 26, 26, 28, 28, 28 25-year-old women
A sample of students from our statistics classes reported their GPAs, indicated their genders, and stated whether they were in the university’s Greek system (i.e., in a fraternity or sorority). Following are the GPAs for the different groups of students:Men in a fraternity: 2.6, 2.4, 2.9, 3.0 Men
Hugenberg, Miller, and Claypool (2007) conducted a study to better understand the cross-race effect, in which people have a difficult time recognizing members of different racial groups—colloquially known as the “they-all-look-the-same-to-me” effect. In a variation on this study, white
Consider the interaction described in Exercise 14.45.a. Draw a new table of cells, but change the means for male participants reading about women so that there is now a quantitative, rather than a qualitative, interaction.b. Draw a bar graph of the means in part (a).c. Draw a new table of cells,
Ratner and Miller (2001) wondered whether people are uncomfortable when they act in a way that’s not obviously in their own self-interest. They randomly assigned 33 women and 32 men to read a fictional passage saying that federal funding would soon be cut for research into a gastrointestinal
Consider again the study in Exercise 14.43.a. Change the cell mean for the conservative participants who read about an African American officer so that this is now a quantitative interaction.b. Draw a bar graph that depicts the pattern that includes the new cell means.c. Change the cell means for
In a study of racism, Nail, Harton, and Decker (2003)had participants read a scenario in which a police officer assaulted a motorist. Half the participants read about an African American officer who assaulted a European American motorist, and half read about a European American officer who
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