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business
understanding business ethics
Questions and Answers of
Understanding Business Ethics
LO 13-3 Summarize the marketing research process.
LO 18-3 Explain why firms need operating funds.
LO 17-5 Demonstrate the application of ratio analysis in reporting financial information.
LO 17-4 Explain how the major financial statements differ.
LO 17-3 List the steps in the accounting cycle, distinguish between accounting and bookkeeping, and explain how computers are used in accounting.
LO 17-2 Identify the different disciplines within the accounting profession.
LO 16-6 Show how word of mouth, viral marketing, blogging, podcasting, e-mail marketing, and mobile marketing work.
LO 46-1 Why are we attracted to certain people, and what progression do social relationships follow?
LO 46-2 What factors underlie aggression and prosocial behavior?
1. We tend to like people who are similar to us. True or false?
2. Which of the following sets are the three components of love proposed by Sternberg?a. Passion, closeness, sexualityb. Attraction, desire, complementarityc. Passion, intimacy, decision/commitmentd.
3. Based on research evidence, which of the following might be the best way to reduce the amount of fi ghting a young boy does?a. Take him to the gym and let him work out on the boxing equipment.b.
4. If a person in a crowd does not help in an apparent emergency situation because many other people are present, that person is falling victim to the phenomenon of.
2. From the perspective of a criminal justice worker: How would proponents of the three main approaches to the study of aggression—instinct approaches, frustration-aggression approaches, and
1. What factors may have driven the neighbors of Perley Farm to pitch in and help clean up after the fl ood? We have touched on some of the major ideas, research topics, and experimental fi ndings of
2. Do you believe the Perley Farm neighbors acted because of their personalities or because the situation called for them to be helpful? We have touched on some of the major ideas, research topics,
3. Why do you think natural disasters such as the hurricane that fl ooded the Vermont town where Perley Farm was located bring out heroic examples of helping behavior in otherwise ordinary people? We
4. What are some ways in which helping behavior can be encouraged in day-to-day life? We have touched on some of the major ideas, research topics, and experimental fi ndings of social psychology.We
2. From the perspective of a corrections offi cer: How might overt forms of prejudice and discrimination toward disadvantaged groups (such as African Americans) be reduced in a state or federal
LO 45-2 How can we reduce prejudice and discrimination?
LO 45-1 How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination diff er?
2. Fro m the perspective of an advertising executive: How might you use Jung’s concept of archetypes in designing your advertisements? Which of the archetypes would you use?
LO 312 W hat do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality?
LO 311 How do psychologists defi ne and use the concept of personality?
2. From the perspective of a social worker: How might you determine if an adolescent is at risk for suicide? What strategies would you use to prevent the teen from committing suicide? Would you use
LO 29-1 What major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence?
3. From the perspective of an educator: Student obedience in the elementary and secondary classroom is a major issue for many teachers. How might you promote student obedience in the classroom? What
2. From the perspective of a sales representative: Imagine that you have been trained to use the various compliance techniques described in this section. Because these compliance techniques are so
LO 44-1 What are the major sources and tactics of social infl uence?
2. From the perspective of a marketing specialist: Suppose you were assigned to develop a full advertising campaign for a product, including television, radio, and print ads. How might theories of
• Why do you think researchers are keenly interested in users’ physical responses as they consume online media?
• Why do you think it’s so diffi cult to design effective advertisements for online media?
LO 433 What are the biases that infl uence the ways in which people view others’ behavior?
LO 432 How do people form impressions of what others are like and the causes of their behavior?
LO 431 W hat are attitudes, and how are they formed, maintained, and changed?
4. What kind of remedy is available for people who need fast relief from severe depression because they are at risk of committing suicide? We have examined how psychological professionals treat
3. If the caller visited a practitioner of psychodynamic therapy, how would his or her treatment diff er from another caller who visited a practitioner of person-centered therapy? We have examined
2. If Melanie Poorman wanted to encourage a caller to the Department of Veterans Aff airs suicide prevention hotline to seek psychotherapy, what could she tell the caller about its eff ectiveness? We
1. How do suicide prevention hotlines further the goal of community psychology? We have examined how psychological professionals treat people with psychological disorders. We have considered a range
2. From the perspective of a politician: How would you go about regulating the use of electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery? Would you restrict their use or make either one completely illegal?
• Why do you think traumatic memories don’t just lose their emotional impact naturally over time, through repeated reconsolidations? What can you do when you’re haunted by a traumatic memory?
• What do you think are some reasons why it would be undesirable to eliminate a traumatic memory altogether? What can you do when you’re haunted by a traumatic memory? Say, for example, that you
LO 42-1 How are drug, electroconvulsive, and psychosurgical techniques used today in the treatment of psychological disorders?
2. From the perspective of a social worker: How might the types of therapies you employ vary depending on a client’s cultural and socioeconomic background?
1. Match each of the following treatment strategies with the statement you might expect to hear from a therapist using that strategy.1. Group therapya. “In other words, you don’t get along 2.
LO 41-4 How eff ective is psychotherapy, and which kind of psychotherapy works best in a given situation?
LO 41-3 How does group therapy diff er from individual types of therapy?
LO 41-2 What is interpersonal therapy?
LO 41-1 What are the humanistic approaches to treatment?
2. From the perspective of a child-care provider: How might you use systematic desensitization to help children overcome their fears?
LO 402 What are the psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to treatment?
LO 401 What are the goals of psychologically based and biologically based treatment approaches?
3. Which perspective provides the most useful explanation for Holt’s case, in your opinion, and why? We’ve discussed some of the many types of psychological disorders to which people are prone,
2. How might each of the perspectives on psychological disorders address the causes of his symptoms? We’ve discussed some of the many types of psychological disorders to which people are prone,
1. Holt was diagnosed as suff ering from schizophrenia. What elements of his behavior seem to fi t the description of this disorder? We’ve discussed some of the many types of psychological
2. From the perspective of a college counselor: What indicators might be most important in determining whether a college student is experiencing a psychological disorder? Do you believe that all
1. Why is inclusion in the DSM-IV-TR of “borderline”disorders such as self-defeating personality disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder so controversial and political? What disadvantages
2. , characterized by severe, incapacitating mood changes or depression related to a woman’s menstrual cycle, was eventually added to the appendix of DSM-IV-TR despite controversy surrounding its
1. The latest version of DSM is considered to be the conclusive guideline on defi ning psychological disorders. True or false?
• Why might people be putting more emphasis on material goals and less on social ones, even to the detriment of their own psychological health?
• What might be some ways that we can teach college students to manage their stress?
LO 39-2 What indicators signal a need for the help of a mental health practitioner?
LO 39-1 How prevalent are psychological disorders?
2. From the perspective of a social worker: Personality disorders are often not apparent to others, and many people with these problems seem to live basically normal lives and are not a threat to
LO 38-1 What are the major psychological disorders?
2. From the perspective of an employer: Imagine that a well-paid employee was arrested for shoplifting a sweater that costs$15. What sort of explanation for this behavior would the proponents of each
1. One problem in defi ning abnormal behavior is thata. Statistically rare behavior may not be abnormal.b. Not all abnormalities are accompanied by feelings of discomfort.c. Cultural standards are
LO 373 What are the major categories of psychological disorders?
LO 372 What are the major perspectives on psychological disorders used by mental health professionals?
LO 371 How can we distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
4. If you were Slater’s physician, how would you explain to him the possible negative health implications of his diffi culty with managing stress? In this set of modules, we have explored the
3. How does the GAS apply to Slater’s situation? How might events in his daily work routine have moved him along the three stages of the model? In this set of modules, we have explored the
2. What kind of coping do you think Slater exhibited when he quit his job that day?How could he have coped with his job stress in a better way? In this set of modules, we have explored the
1. Why do you think the background stressors experienced on the job by Steven Slater produced such a dramatic response? In this set of modules, we have explored the intersection of psychology and
2. From the perspective of a health-care provider: How would you try to better communicate with your patients? How might your techniques vary depending on the patient’s background, gender, age, and
LO 36-2 How does a sense of well-being develop?
LO 36-1 How do our interactions with physicians aff ect our health and compliance with medical treatment?
2. From the perspective of a health-care provider: What type of advice would you give to your patients about the connections between personality and disease? For example, would you encourage Type A
3. A cancer patient’s attitude and emotions may affect that person’s system and thus help or hinder the patient’s fi ght against the disease.
LO 35-1 How do psychological factors aff ect health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?
2. From the perspective of a social worker: How would you help people deal with and avoid stress in their everyday lives?How might you encourage people to create social support networks?
3. Stressors that affect a single person and produce an immediate major reaction are known as a . Personal stressors b . Psychic stressors c . Cataclysmic stressors d . Daily stressors
2. Match each portion of the GAS with its defi nition.1. Alarm anda. Ability to adapt to stress diminishes;mobilization symptoms appear.2. Exhaustionb. Activation of sympathetic nervous 3. Resistance
• Based on the fi ndings in this research, how might parents help their young children who experience an unsettling event? Wouldn’t it be great never to experience adversity in your life—not to
• If experiencing adversity makes people stronger, why do you think the participants who experienced the most adversity were about as unsatisfi ed with life as those who experienced the least?
LO 342 What is stress, how does it aff ect us, and how can we best cope with it?
LO 341 How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology?
4. Might it be possible for a personality test to discern whether Berenson was really guilty of terrorism or not? Why or why not? We have discussed the diff erent ways in which psychologists have
3. How do you think Berenson might score on a test of agreeableness? On a test of conscientiousness? We have discussed the diff erent ways in which psychologists have interpreted the development and
2. How could you explain Berenson’s personality from a psychodynamic approach? From a learning approach? We have discussed the diff erent ways in which psychologists have interpreted the
1. How typical do you think it is for people to have diff erent sides to their personalities, as Berenson apparently does? We have discussed the diff erent ways in which psychologists have
2. From the perspective of a politician: Imagine that you had to vote on a law that would require institutions and organizations to perform race norming procedures on standardized performance tests.
3. Tests such as the MMPI-2, in which a small sample of behavior is assessed to determine larger patterns, are examples ofa. Cross-sectional testsb. Projective testsc. Achievement testsd. Self-report
LO 33-2 What are the major types of personality measures?
LO 33-1 How can we most accurately assess personality?
2. From the perspective of an educator: How might you encourage your students’ development of self-esteem and selfeffi cacy? What steps would you take to ensure that their self-esteem did not
1. Carl’s determination to succeed is the dominant force in all his activities and relationships. According to Gordon Allport’s theory, this is an example of a trait.In contrast, Cindy’s
• What other cultural infl uences besides the Internet might be encouraging young people to become obsessively focused on themselves?
• Why is it assumed to be undesirable for young people to think very highly of themselves?
LO 32-1 What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality?
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