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Questions and Answers of Chemical Principles

Identify the products and write a balanced equation for the reaction of hydrogen with(a) Chlorine;(b) Sodium;(c) Phosphorus;(d) Copper.
Use data from Appendix 2B to decide whether chlorine gas will oxidize Mn2+ to form the permanganate ion in an acidic solution. 2B STANDARD POTENTIALS AT 25 C Potentials in Electrochemical Order
Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons.(a) Divide the following species into three isoelectronic groups: NH3, NO, NO2+, N2O, H3O+, O2+. (b) Which species in each group is likely to
One method used to produce hydrogen as a fuel decomposes methanol in the reaction CH3OH(l) → 2 H2(g) + CO(g).(a) What is the standard reaction enthalpy of this process? (b) What is the standard
With the help of Table 9C.1, determine the coordination number of the metal ion in each of the following complexes:(a) [NiCl4]2–; (b) [Ag(NH3)2]+; (c) [PtCl2(en)2]2+; (d) [Cr(edta)]–. TABLE
Suppose you are working in a laboratory synthesizing complexes of Mn and Fe. You have created a new ligand and need to know how strong- or weak-field ligands might affect the properties of your new
Suggest a reason why Zn2+(aq) ions are colorless. Would you expect zinc compounds to be paramagnetic? Explain your answer.
Learning organic chemistry is very much (in part, at least) like learning a language and being able to interpret the words (the names of compounds) that you encounter.(a) Name the alkene CH3CH2CH=CH2
For the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of a certain substrate, KM = 0.038 mol · L–1 at 25°C. When the substrate concentration is 0.156 mol · L–1, the rate of the reaction is 1.21 mmol ·
Give the systematic name for each of the following coordination compounds.a. [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2b. K3Fe(CN)6c. [Fe(en)2(NO2)2]2SO4
Given the following systematic names, predict the formula of each coordination compound.a. triamminebromoplatinum(II) chlorideb. potassium hexafluorocobaltate(III)
Does the complex ion [Co(NH3)Br(en)2] exhibit geometrical isomerism? Does it exhibit optical isomerism?
The Fe(CN)63– ion is known to have one unpaired electron. Does the CN– ligand produce a strong or weak field?
Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the complex ion [Cr(CN)6]4–.
Give the crystal field diagram for the tetrahedral complex ion CoCl42–.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the molecular orbital model and the crystal field model. Under which circumstances is it more useful to use the MO model? The crystal field model?
Chromium(VI) forms two different oxyanions, the orange dichromate ion (Cr2O72–)and the yellow chromate ion (CrO42–)Extra \left or missing \right. The equilibrium reaction between the two ions
Consider aqueous solutions of the following coordination compounds: \(\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}ight)_{6} \mathrm{I}_{3}, \quad \mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}ight)_{4} \mathrm{I}_{4}, \quad
When aqueous KI is added gradually to mercury(II) nitrate, an orange precipitate forms. Continued addition of KI causes the precipitate to dissolve. Write balanced equations to explain these
The complex trans- \(\left[\mathrm{NiA}_{2} \mathrm{~B}_{4}ight]^{2+}\), where \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\) represent neutral ligands, is known to be diamagnetic. Do A and B produce very similar
Sketch and explain the most likely pattern for the crystal field diagram for the complex ion trans-diamminetetracyanonickelate(II), where \(\mathrm{CN}^{-}\)produces a much stronger crystal field
The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 h. How much of a 1.000-mg sample of 9942Mo remains after 335 h?
A rock containing 23892U and 20682Pb was examined to determine its approximate age. Analysis showed the ratio of 20682Pb atoms to 23892U atoms to be 0.115. Assuming that no lead was originally
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for the 42He nucleus (atomic masses: 42He = 4.0026 amu, 11H = 1.0078 amu).
The first atomic explosion was detonated in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. What fraction of the strontium- \(90\left(t_{1 / 2}=28.8 \mathrm{yr}ight)\) originally
What are the purposes of the moderator and control rods in a fission reactor?
Estimate the temperature needed to achieve the fusion of deuterium to make an \(\alpha\) particle. The energy required can be estimated from Coulomb's law [use the form \(E=\) \(9.0 \times
Draw the isomers of pentane.
Draw the structural isomers for the alkane C6H14, and give the systematic name for each one.
Determine the structure for each of the following compounds.a. 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylnonaneb. 4-tert-butylheptane
Name each of the following cyclic alkanes.(a)(b) CH3-CH-CH3 CH3
Name each of the following molecules.(a)(b) H CH3CHCH CH3 C=C CH3 H
For each of the following alcohols, give the systematic name, and specifywhether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary. a. CH3CHCHCH3 b. CICHCHCHOH . CH3 CH3CCH, CH,CH, CH,Br
Write the sequences of all possible tripeptides composed of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine, and cysteine.
What number of possible sequences exists for a polypeptide composed of 20 different amino acids?
Determine the number of chiral carbon atoms in the following pentose: H 0 C H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CHOH
Name each of the following.a. \(\mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}-\underset{\mathrm{Cl}}{\mathrm{CH}}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}\)b. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2}
Draw the following.a. cis-2-hexeneb. trans-2-butenec. cis-2,3-dichloro-2-pentene
Name the following compounds.a.b.c. CH3, H C=C Br H
Minoxidil \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{15} \mathrm{~N}_{5} \mathrm{O}ight)\) is a compound produced by the Pharmacia \& Upjohn Company that has been approved as a treatment for some types
Name the following compounds.a.b.c. \(\mathrm{HCOOH}\) Cl- || C-OH
Salicylic acid has the following structure:Since salicylic acid has both an alcohol functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group, it can undergo two different esterification reactions
Describe how denaturation affects the function of a protein.
Aspartame, the artificial sweetener marketed under the name NutraSweet, is a methyl ester of a dipeptide. The structure of aspartame isa. What two amino acids are used to prepare aspartame?b. There
Draw the structures of the tripeptides gly-ala-ser and serala-gly. How many other tripeptides are possible using these three amino acids?
The deletion of a single base from a DNA molecule can be a fatal mutation. Substitution of one base for another is often not as serious a mutation. Why?
Arrange the following bonds according to increasing polarity: H—H, O—H, Cl—H, S—H, and F—H.
For each of the following molecules, show the direction of the bond polarities. Also indicate which ones have dipole moments: HCl, Cl2, SO3 (planar), CH4 (tetrahedral), and H2S (V-shaped).
Arrange the ions Se2–, Br–, Rb+, and Sr2+ in order of decreasing size.
Choose the largest ion in each of the following groups.a. Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+b. Ba2+, Cs+, I–, Te2–
Using the bond energies listed in Table 13.6, calculate ΔH for the reaction of methane with chlorine and fluorine to give Freon-12 (CF2Cl2). CH(g) + 2Cl(g) + 2F(g) CFCl(g) + 2HF(g) + 2HCl(g)
Give the Lewis structure for each of the following.a. HF b. N2 c. NH3 d. CH4 e. CF4 f. NO+
Describe the electron arrangement in the nitrite anion (NO2–) using the LE model.
Write the Lewis structure for PCl5.
Write the Lewis structure for each molecule or ion.a. ClF3 b. XeO3 c. RnCl2 d. BeCl2 e. ICl4–
Give possible Lewis structures for XeO3, an explosive compound of xenon. Determine the formal charges of each atom in the various Lewis structures.
Describe the molecular structure of the water molecule.
When phosphorus reacts with excess chlorine gas, the compound phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) is formed. In the gaseous and liquid states this substance consists of PCl5 molecules, but in the solid
Because the noble gases have filled s and p valence orbitals, they are not expected to be chemically reactive. In fact, for many years these elements were called inert gases because of this supposed
Predict the molecular structure of the sulfur dioxide molecule. Is this molecule expected to have a dipole moment?
Draw the Lewis structure for HCN. Indicate the hybrid orbitals and draw a picture showing all the bonds between the atoms, labeling each bond as \(\sigma\) or \(\pi\).
What are the relationships among bond order, bond energy, and bond length? Which of these quantities can be measured?
Consider your Lewis structure for the computer-generated model of caffeine shown in Exercise 108 of Chapter 13. How many \(\mathrm{C}\) and \(\mathrm{N}\) atoms are \(s p^{2}\) hybridized in your
Describe the bonding in the ammonia molecule using the LE model.
Describe the bonding in the N2 molecule.
Describe the bonding in the triiodide ion (I3–).
How is the xenon atom in XeF4 hybridized?
For each of the following molecules or ions, describe the molecular structure and predict the hybridization of each atom.a. COb. BF4–c. XeF2
For the species O2, O2+, and O2–, give the electron configuration and the bond order for each. Which has the strongest bond?
Use the MO model to predict the bond order and magnetism of each molecule.a. Ne2 b. P2
Use the MO model to predict the magnetism and bond order of the NO+ and CN– ions.
The infrared spectrum of gaseous HCl (1H35Cl) shows the ν = 0 to ν = 1 transition at 2885 cm–1. Calculate the vibrational force constant for the HCl molecule.
The microwave spectrum of 1H35Cl shows that the transition from J = 0 to J = 1 requires electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 4.85 × 10–4 m. Calculate the bond length of the 1H35Cl
The reaction\[2 \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NOCl}(g)\]was studied at \(-10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The following results were obtained, where\[\text { Rate
The reaction\[2 \mathrm{I}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{8}{ }^{2-}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{I}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}(a q)\]was studied at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The
The reaction\[\mathrm{A} \longrightarrow \mathrm{B}+\mathrm{C}\]is known to be zero order in \(\mathrm{A}\) and to have a rate constant of \(5.0 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~L}^{-1}
The reaction\[\mathrm{I}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{OCl}^{-}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{IO}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{Cl}^{-}(a q)\]is believed to occur by the following mechanism:Write the rate law for this
Draw a rough sketch of the energy profile for each of the following cases.a. \(\Delta E=+10 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}, E_{\mathrm{a}}=25 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\)b. \(\Delta E=-10 \mathrm{~kJ}
For a certain process, the activation energy is greater for the forward reaction than for the reverse reaction. Does this reaction have a positive or negative value for \(\Delta E\) ?
Reactions that require a metal catalyst are often zero order after a certain amount of reactants are present. Explain.
For enzyme-catalyzed reactions that follow the mechanisma graph of the rate as a function of [S], the concentration of the substrate, has the following general appearance:Note that at high substrate
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen gas with the aid of a catalyst \(\left(\mathrm{MnO}_{2}ight)\). The activation energy of the uncatalyzed reaction is \(70.0 \mathrm{~kJ} /
The compound \(\mathrm{NO}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}\) is thought to decompose to \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) by the following mechanism:Derive the rate law for the production of
The reaction between bromate ions and bromide ions in acidic aqueous solution is given by the following equation:Table 15.5 gives the results of four experiments involving this reaction. Using these
The decomposition of N2O5 in the gas phase was studied at constant temperature:The following results were collected:Using these data, verify that the rate law is first order in [N2O5], and calculate
Using the data given in Example 15.2, calculate [N2O5] 150. s after the start of the reaction.Data from Example 15.2The decomposition of N2O5 in the gas phase was studied at constant temperature:The
A certain first-order reaction has a half-life of 20.0 minutes.a. Calculate the rate constant for this reaction.b. How much time is required for this reaction to be 75% complete?
Butadiene reacts to form its dimer according to the equation 2C4H6(g) → C8H12(g) The following data were collected for this reaction at a given temperature:a. Is this reaction first order or second
The balanced equation for the reaction of gaseous nitrogen dioxide andfluorine isThe experimentally determined rate law isA suggested mechanism for this reaction isIs this an acceptable mechanism?
The gas-phase reaction of chlorine with chloroform is described by the equationThe rate law determined from experiment has a noninteger order:A proposed mechanism for this reaction follows:Is this an
The reactionwas studied at several temperatures and the following values of k were obtained:Calculate the value of Ea for this reaction. 2NOs(g) 4NO2(g) + O(g)
Generally, the vapor pressure of a liquid is related to (there may be more than one answer)a. amount of the liquidc. temperatureb. atmospheric pressured. intermolecular forces
Consider an open beaker of water. Over time, the water evaporates. As the water is evaporating, is the vapor pressure increasing, decreasing, or staying the same? Why? What is the vapor pressure of
How do the following physical properties depend on the strength of intermolecular forces? Explain.a. surface tensionb. viscosityc. melting pointd. boiling pointe. vapor pressure
Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain why a liquid in an insulated vessel gets cooler as it evaporates.
Predict which substance in each of the following pairs would have the stronger intermolecular forces.a. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{OCS}\)b. \(\mathrm{PF}_{3}\) or \(\mathrm{PF}_{5}\)c.
For which molecule in each of the following pairs would you expect the stronger intermolecular forces?a. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2}
Consider the following compounds and formulas. (The formulas are written in such a way as to give you an idea of the structure.)The boiling points of these compounds are (in no particular order)
Some of the physical properties of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) and \(\mathrm{D}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) are as follows:Account for the differences. (D is a symbol often used for \({ }^{2} \mathrm{H}\),
The unit cell for a pure xenon fluoride compound is shown in the following diagram.a. What is the formula of the compound?b. The unit cell of \(\mathrm{XeF}_{2}\) has a height of \(702 \mathrm{pm}\),

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