Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) cannot be obtained in a pure form in the gas phase because it exists as a mixture of NO2 and N2O4. At 25C and 0.98 atm, the density of this gas mixture is 2.7 g/L. What is the...
In alcohol fermentation, yeast converts glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide: C6H12O6(s) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) If 5.97 g of glucose are reacted and 1.44 L of CO2 gas are collected at 293 K and 0.984...
A gas evolved from the fermentation of glucose is found to effuse through a porous barrier in 15.0 min. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, it takes an equal volume of N2 12.0 min...
Starting at A, an ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process involving expansion and compression at constant temperature, as shown here. Calculate the total work done. Does your result support the notion...
The (Hf values of the two allotropes of oxygen, O2 and O3, are 0 and 142.2 kJ/mol, respectively, at 25C. Which is the more stable form at this temperature?
The energy needed for the following process is 1.96 104 kJ/mol: Li(g) Li3+(g) + 3e- If the first ionization energy of lithium is 520 kJ/mol, calculate the second ionization energy of lithium, that...
Write a balanced equation for the preparation of (a) Molecular oxygen. (b) Ammonia. (c) Carbon dioxide, (d) Molecular hydrogen. (e) Calcium oxide. Indicate the physical state of the reactants and...
Write the ground-state electron configurations of the following ions: (a) Li+, (b) H-, (c) N3-, (d) F-, (e) S2-, (f) Al3+, (g) Se2-, (h) Br-, (i) Rb+, (j) Sr2+, (k) Sn2+, (l) Te2-, (m) Ba2+, (n)...
In general, ionization energy increases from left to right across a given period. Aluminum, however, has a lower ionization energy than magnesium. Explain.
Why are Group 1B elements more stable than Group 1A elements even though they seem to have the same outer electron configuration, ns1, where n is the principal quantum number of the outermost shell?
The following species have been detected in interstellar space: (a) CH, (b) OH, (c) C2, (d) HNC, (e) HCO. Draw Lewis structures for these species and indicate whether they are diamagnetic or...
Explain each of the following statements: (a) The boiling point of seawater is higher than that of pure water. (b) Carbon dioxide escapes from the solution when the cap is removed from a carbonated...
A solution containing 0.8330 g of a polymer of unknown structure in 170.0 mL of an organic solvent was found to have an osmotic pressure of 5.20 mmHg at 25C. Determine the molar mass of the polymer.
When chlorine reacts with water, the resulting solution is weakly acidic and reacts with AgNO3 to give a white precipitate. Write balanced equations to represent these reactions. Explain why...
Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 5.50 mL of a 0.360 M KOH solution. What is the pOH of the solution?
The diagrams shown here contain one or more of the compounds: H2A, NaHA, and Na2A, where H2A is a weak diprotic acid.
In a titration experiment, 20.4 mL of 0.883 M HCOOH neutralize 19.3 mL of Ba(OH)2. What is the concentration of the Ba(OH)2 solution?
Calculate the pH at the equivalence point for the following titration: 0.20 M HCl versus 0.20 M methylamine
The Ksp of AgCl is given in Table 16.2. What is its value at 60C? [Hint: You need the result of Problem 18.49(a) and the data in Appendix 3 to calculate H.]
Calculate DG and Kc for the following reactions at 25C: (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 + Br2() 21 (aq)2Br (aq) I2(s) 02(8) 4H (a) 4Fe (aq) 2H20(1) + 4Fe (aq) 2.A l (s) + 312(s) 2A13+(aq) + 6(aq)
The Kf for the complex ion formation between Pb2+ and EDTA4- Ph" + EDTA" Pb(EDTA)2
The radioactive decay of Tl-206 to Pb-206 has a half-life of 4.20 min. Starting with 5.00 1022 atoms of Tl-206, calculate the number of such atoms left after 42.0 min.
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following reactions and identify X:
(a) CH3-O-CH2-CH3 (b) CH3-CH2-NH2 (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) CH3-CH2-C CH3-C CH2CH3 H-C-OH CH-CH,CH2-OH NH2 O NH2 0
Vinyl chloride, H2CPCHCl, undergoes copolymerization with 1,1-dichloroethylene, H2CPCCl2, to form a polymer commercially known as Saran. Draw the structure of the polymer, showing the repeating...
Draw 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexamethylcyclohexane with a. All the methyl groups in axial positions b. All the methyl groups in equatorial positions
Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. NH
a. Propose a mechanism for the following reaction (show all curved arrows): b. Which step is the rate-determining step? c. What is the electrophile in the first step? d. What is the nucleophile in...
The addition of HBr to which of the following alkenes is more highly regioselective? a. b. CH CH CH,CHC=CH, CH 3C CHCH or - CH CH3 or
Draw enantiomers for each of the following compounds using: a. perspective formulas b. Fischer projections CH CH 1. CHjCHCH2H 2. CICH2CH2CHCH2CH3 3. CHjCHCHCHj
Identify the electrophile and the nucleophile in each of the following reaction steps. Then draw curved arrows to illustrate the bond-making and -breaking processes. CH3H=== CH + H - Br- CH3C ==CH2 +...
Give the major product of each of the following reactions: a. b. c. d. e. f. HBr HC CCH3 peroxide excess Br 3 CH2Cl2 excesS CHC CCH HBr excess
Rank the following compounds in order of decreasing acidity of the indicated hydrogen: O 0 CH CCH2CH2CCH3 CH CCH2CH2CH2CCH3 CH CCH2CCH3
For each of the following reactions, (1) give the major 1,2- and 1,4-addition products and (2) indicate which is the kinetic product and which is the thermodynamic product: a. b. c. d. CH2 CH3 CH3...
Which diene and which dienophile could be used to prepare each of the following compounds? a. b. c. d. 1 CH3 Cl CI
Give the major product of each of the following reactions, ignoring stereoisomers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) +NBS peroxide CH-=-CHCH-CH-CH, NBS + peroxide CH3 +NBS peroxide CH3CHCH3 Cl2 CH3 hy...
Calculate the percent yield of each product obtained in Problems 5a, b, and c if chlorination is carried out in the presence of light at room temperature.
Indicate whether each of the following solvents is protic or aprotic: a. Chloroform (CHCl3) b. Diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3) c. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) d. Hexane [CH3(CH2)4CH3]
Explain why the following alkyl halide does not undergo a substitution reaction, regardless of the conditions under which the reaction is run: Cl
Using the given starting material, any necessary inorganic reagents, and any carbon containing compounds with no more than two carbon atoms, indicate how the following syntheses could be carried out:...
Which of the following reactions occurs most rapidly? Why? a. b. c. Br - H20 C(CH3)3 C(CH3)a (CH)a C(CH3)3 Br - H20 CH33 C(CH3)3
The mass spectrum and infrared spectrum of an unknown compound are shown in Figures 13.27 and 13.28, respectively. Identify the compound. Figure 13.27 The mass spectrum for Problem 28. 100 E 80 3 60...
The mass spectrum of an unknown compound has a molecular ion peak with a relative intensity of 43.27% and an M + 1 peak with a relative intensity of 3.81%. How many carbon atoms are in the compound?
Calculate the approximate wavenumber at which a C==C stretch will occur, given that the force constant for the C==C bond is 10 105 gs-2.
For each of the IR spectra in Figures 13.35, 13.36, and 13.37, four compounds are shown. In each case, indicate which of the four compounds is responsible for the spectrum. a. b. c. 25 26 27 28 29 12...
Identify each of the following compounds from the NMR data and molecular formula. The number of hydrogens responsible for each signal is shown in parentheses. a. C4H8Br2 1.97 ppm (6) singlet 3.89 ppm...
Identify each compound from its molecular formula and 1H NMR its spectrum: a. C9H12 b. C5H10O c. C9H10O2 10 ( ppm) frequency 10 (ppm)
Benzene underwent a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction followed by a Clemmensen reduction. The product gave the following 1H NMR spectrum. What acyl chloride was used in the Friedel-Crafts acylation...
The pKa values of a few ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted benzoic acids are shown here: The relative pKa values depend on the substituent. For chloro-substituted benzoic acids, the ortho isomer is...
If propionyl chloride is added to one equivalent of methylamine, only a 50% yield of N methylpropanamide is obtained. If, however, the acyl chloride is added to two equivalents of methylamine, the...
Give the products of the following reactions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. uto CH,CCI + KF-- HCI NH H2o 1. SOCI2 COH 2.2 CHaNH2 OH OH CiCCI+ excesS CH3O CH,CCH2OCCH3 CH3OH excess (CH3C20 excessS...
Catalytic antibodies catalyze a reaction by binding to the transition state, thereby stabilizing it. As a result, the energy of activation is lowered and the reaction goes faster. The synthesis of...
The Horner-Emmons modification is a variation of a Wittig reaction in which a phosphonate-stabilized carbanion in used instead of a phosphonium ylide. The phosphonate-stabilized carbanion is prepared...
Show the aldol addition product that would be formed from each of the following compounds: a. b. c. d. CHCHCH-CHCH - - CH CHCH2CH CH CH3 ,
a. How could you synthesize the following compound from starting materials containing no more than four carbons? (A 1,6-diketone can be synthesized by oxidative cleavage of a 1,2 disubstituted...
Fill in the blank with "oxidized" or "reduced." a. Secondary alcohols are _____ to ketones. b. Acyl halides are _____ to aldehydes. c. Aldehydes are _____ to primary alcohols. d. Alkenes are _____ to...
Give the products of the following reactions (assume that excess reducing agent is used in d): a. b. c. d. CCH3 1. NaBHa 2. H20 COCH3 H2 Pt CH2COCH3 1. NaBHA 2. H20 CH2COCH3 1LiAlH4 2. H2O
Give the major product of the following reaction: FeBr3 CH3Br2
Which of the following C-terminal peptide bonds would be more readily cleaved by carboxypeptidase A? Ser-Ala-Phe or Ser-Ala-Asp Explain.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ion (Section 1.20). It is a metalloenzyme, with Zn2+ coordinated at the active site by three histidine...
How many conjugated double bonds are there in a. FAD? b. FADH2?
Write an equation that explains what will happen if a scientist working in the laboratory spills sulfuric acid on her nylon 66 hose.
The following compound is a suicide inhibitor of the enzyme that catalyzes amino acid racemization: Propose a mechanism that explains how this compound irreversibly inactivates the enzyme. HC CCHO NH
Use your answer to question 1 and the results in Table 2 to explain how mixing an alcohol of unknown structure with Lucas' Reagent can help one to determine whether it is primary, secondary or...
Based on your answers to questions 4 and 5 above and on the results of the bromine test in your table, describe how mixing a bromine solution with a hydrocarbon compound of unknown structure can help...
Find the optimal portfolio for the exponential utility from terminal wealth in continuous time by solving the HJB PDE.
Find the price of a 3-month European call option with K = 100, r = 0.05, S(0) = 100, u = 1.1 and d = 0.9 in the binomial model, if a dividend amount of D = $5 is to be paid at time = 1.5 months. Use...
Suppose that the annual interest rate is 4%. You have a liability with a nominal value of $300, and the payment will take place in two years. Construct the durationimmunizing portfolio that trades in...
In a CAPM market, the expected return of the market portfolio is 20%, and the risk-free rate is 7%. The market standard deviation is 40%. If you wish to have an expected return of 30%, what standard...
Using electronegativity values from Table 1-2 (in Section 1-3), identify polar covalent bonds in several of the structures in Problem 25 and label the atoms + and - , as appropriate.
Compare and contrast the Lewis structures of nitromethane, CH3NO2, and methyl nitrite, CH3ONO. Write at least two resonance forms for each molecule. Based on your examination of the resonance forms,...
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules and assign charges where appropriate. The order in which the atoms are connected is given in parentheses. (a) C1F (b) BrCN (c) SOC12(C1SC1)...
The hydrocarbon propene (CH3-CH=CH2) can react in two different ways with bromine (Chapters 12 and 14). (i) (ii) (a) Using the bond strengths (kcal mol-1) given in the margin, calculate ³H°...
Identify each of the following alkyl groups as being primary, secondary, or tertiary, and give it a systematic IUPAC name. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) CH CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CHCH CH3 CH2 CH3...
Each part of this problem lists two objects or sets of objects. As precisely as you can, describe the relation between the two sets, using the terminology of this chapter; that is, specify whether...
Which of the following compounds are chiral? (a) 2-Methylheptane (b) 3-Methylheptane (c) 4-Methylheptane (d) 1,1-Dibromopropane (e) 1,2-Dibromopropane (f) 1,3-Dibromopropane (g) Ethene, H2C=CH2 (h)...
Each of the following molecules has the molecular formula C5H120. Which ones are chiral? OH OH OH (d)OH OH OH
For identify every structural isomer containing one or more stereocenters, give the number of stereoisomers for each, and draw and fully name at least one of the stereoisomers in each case (a) C7HI6...
We will learn in Chapter 18 that hydrogens on the carbon atom adjacent to the carbonyl functional group (C=0) are acidic. The compound (S)-3-methyl-2-pentanone, loses its optical activity when it is...
The enantiomer of (a) Is (b) Can exist only at low temperatures (c) Is nonisomeric (d) Is incapable of existence Cl H-C CH CH3 CH3 Cl CH,CH2-CH TR CH
Propose a synthesis of (R)-CH3CHN3CH2CH3, starting from (R)-2-chlorobutane.
Write the product of each of the following bimolecular substitutions. The solvent is indicated above the reaction arrow. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) CHCH-CH-Br+ Na+I- Acetone DMSO (CH2CHCH2I+Na CN...
What is the major substitution product of each of the following solvolysis reactions? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) CH3 CH,CH OH CH3 Br CF,CH,OH ClCH2CH3 CH OH C-CH, " CH3 CH3 D.O CH3 CH3 CH,CCI CH3 OD .
For each of the following reactions, indicate whether the reaction would work well, poorly, or not at all. Formulate alternative products, if appropriate. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)...
Primary alcohols are often converted into bromides by reaction with NaBr in H2SO4. Explain how this transformation works and why it might be considered a superior method to that using concentrated...
Which is the method of choice for preparing the ether (CH2CH2)3 COCH3? (a) CH3Br + (CH3CH2)3CO-K+ (b) (CH3CH2)3 COH + CH3MgBr (c) (CH3CH2)3 CMgBr + CH3OH (d) (CH3CH2)3 CBr + CH3O-K+
Of each pair of the following compounds, which one should have the higher dipole moment the higher boiling point? (a) cis- or trans-1,2-Difluoroethene; (b) Z- or E-1,2-difluoropropene: (c) Z- or...
The reaction between 2-bromobutane and sodium ethoxide in ethanol gives rise to three E2 products. What are they? Predict their relative amounts.
One of the following compounds will have one peak in its 'H NMR spectrum and two peaks in its l3C NMR spectrum. Which one? (a) (b) (c) CH3--CH3 (d) (e) CH CHCHCH3 Cl
Name each of the following molecules in accord with the IUPAC system of nomenclature. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Cl OH Br Cl HO CF3 Cl Cl CH3O OCH3
For each of the pairs of alkenes below, indicate whether measurements of polarity alone would be sufficient to distinguish the compounds from one another. Where possible, predict which compound would...
A number of drugs are prepared by reactions of the type described in this chapter. Indicate what you believe would be a reasonable last step in the synthesis of each of the following:
A sample consisting of 2.00 mol He is expanded isothermally at 22C from 22.8 dm to 31. 7 dm 3 (a) Reversibly, (b) Against a constant external pressure equal to the final pressure of the gas, and (c)...
When 178J of energy is supplied as heat to 1.9 mol of gas molecules, the temperature of the sample increases by 1.78 K. Calculate the molar heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure of...
A sample consisting of 1.5 mol of perfect gas molecules with Cpm = 20.8) K-1 mol-1 is initially at 230 kPa and 315 K. It undergoes reversible adiabatic expansion until its pressure reaches 170 kPa....
A certain liquid has vapHo=32.0 k] mol-1. Calculate q, w, H, and U when 0.75 mol is vaporized at 260 K and 765 Torr.
A vapour at 22 atm and 5C was allowed to expand adiabatically to a final pressure of 1:00 atm; the temperature fell by 10 K. Calculate the Joule- Thomson coefficient, u, at 5C, assuming it remains...
(a) What is the total differential of z = x2 + 2y2 - 2xy+ 2x- 4y - 8? (b) Show that 2z/yx = 2z/xy for this function. (c) Let z= xy- y + in x + 2. Find dz and show that it is exact.
The temperature dependence of the vapour pressure of solid sulfur dioxide can be approximately represented by the relation log (p/Torr) = 10.5916 - 1871.2/ (T/K) and that of liquid sulfur dioxide by...
The evolution of life requires the organization of a very large number of molecules into biological cells. Does the formation of living organisms violate the Second Law of thermodynamics? State your...