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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

A liquid stream consisting of 12.5 mole% n-butane and the balance a heavy nonvolatile hydrocarbon is fed to the top of a stripping column, where it is contacted with an upward-flowing stream of
Nitric acid is used extensively for the production of inorganic and organic nitrates, for metal treatments of various kinds, and for photoengraving. It is produced by oxidizing ammonia to nitric
A dry gas containing 10.0% NH3 by volume is contacted with water at 10°C and 1 atm in a single-stage bubble contactor. The effluent liquid and gas streams may be considered to be in equilibrium with
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) dissolves in and reacts with water to form an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The vapor in equilibrium with the solution contains both SO and H2O. If enough SO3 is
State whether you would use Raoult’s law or Henry’s law to perform vapor—liquid equilibrium calculations for each component in the following liquid mixtures: (a) Water and dissolved
A gas containing nitrogen, benzene, and toluene is in equilibrium with a 40 mole% benzene— 60 mole% toluene liquid mixture at 100°C and 10 atm. Estimate the gas-phase composition (mole fractions)
Using Raoult’s law or Henry’s law for each substance (whichever one you think appropriate), calculate the pressure and gas-phase composition (mole fractions) in a system containing a liquid that
The pressure in a vessel containing methane and water at 70°C is 10 atm. At the given temperature the Henry’s law constant for methane is 6.66 x 104 atm/mole fraction. Estimate the mole fraction
When air (≈ 21 mole% O2, 79 mole% N2) is placed in contact with 1000 cm3 of liquid water at body temperature, 36.9°C, and 1 atm absolute, approximately 14.1 standard cubic centimeters [cm3(STP)j
The solubility coefficient of a gas may be defined as the number of cubic centimeters (STP) of the gas that dissolves in 1 cm3 of a solvent under a partial pressure of 1 atm. The solubility
The sulfur dioxide content of a stack gas is monitored by passing a sample stream of the gas through an SO2 analyzer. The analyzer reading is 1000 ppm 5O2 (parts per million on a molar basis). The
A vapor stream that is 65 mole% styrene and 35 mole% toluene is in equilibrium with a Liquid mixture of the same two species. The pressure in the system is 150 mm Hg absolute. Use Raoult’s law to
A gas containing nitrogen, benzene, and toluene is in equilibrium with a liquid consisting of 35 mole% benzene and 65 mole% toluene at 85°C and 10 atm. Estimate the gas composition (mole fractions)
A liquid mixture containing 50 mole% propane, 30% n-butane, and 20% isobutene is stored in a rigid container at 77°F. The container has a maximum allowable working pressure of 200 psig. The head
A closed system contains an equimolar mixture of n-pentane and isopentane.(a) Suppose the system is initially all liquid at 120°C and a high pressure, and the pressure is gradually reduced at a
Nitrogen is bubbled through a liquid mixture that initially contains Equimolar amounts of benzene and toluene. The system pressure is 3 atm and the temperature is 80°C. The nitrogen flow rate is
Calculate the following:(a) The bubble-point temperature of an Equimolar mixture of liquid n-hexane and n-heptanes at 1.0 atm and the composition (mole fractions) of the vapor in equilibrium with
A liquid mixture contains N components (N may be any number from 2 to 10) at pressure P(mm Hg). The mole fraction of the ith component is xi (i = 1. 2...., N), and the vapor pressure of that
A vapor mixture of n-butane (B) and n-hexane (H) contains 50.0 mole% butane at 120°C and 1.0 atm, A stream of this mixture flowing at a rate of 150.0 L/s is cooled and compressed, causing some but
The feed to a distillation column is a 45.0 mole% n-pentane.-55.0 mole% n-hexane liquid mixture. The vapor stream leaving the top of the column, which contains 98.0 mole% pentane and the balance
The vapor leaving the top of a distillation column goes to a condenser in which either total or partial condensation takes place. If a total condenser is used, a portion of the condensate is returned
Vapor?liquid equilibrium calculations can sometimes be simplified through the use of a quantity called the relative volatility, which may be defined to terms of the following depiction of vapor and
A stage of a separation process is defined as an operation in which components of one or more feed streams divide themselves between two phases, and the phases are taken off separately. In an ideal
The following diagram shows a staged absorption column in which n-hexane (H) is absorbed from a gas into a heavy oil. A gas feed stream containing 5.0 mole% hexane vapor and the balance nitrogen
A vapor mixture containing 30 mole% benzene and 70% toluene at 1 atm is cooled isobarically j, a closed container from an initial temperature of 115°C. Use the Txy diagram of Figure 6.4-1 to answer
Three gram-moles of benzene and 7 gram-moles of toluene are placed in a closed cylinder equipped with a piston. The cylinder is immersed in a boiling-water bath that maintains the temperature at
A methanol?water feed stream is introduced to a vaporizer in which a molar fraction f of the feed is vaporized. The feed has a methanol mole fraction of xF = 0.4, and the vaporizer operates at a
Vapor?liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of acetone (A) and ethanol at 1 atm are given in the following table: (a) Use the given data to construct a Txy diagram for this system. (b) A thermocouple
Your task in this problem will be to use a spreadsheet to generate a Txy diagram for a two-component system, using Raoult?s law to express the vapor?liquid equilibrium distribution of each species.
A liquid mixture containing 40.0 mole% methanol and 60.0 mole% 1-propanol is placed in an open vessel and heated slowly. Estimate the temperature at which the mixture begins to boil. List assumptions
Acetaldehyde is synthesized by the catalytic dehydrogenization of ethanol: C2H5OH ? CH3CHO + H2?Fresh feed (pure ethanol) is blended with a recycle stream (95 mole% ethanol and 5% acetaldehyde), and
Dehydration of natural gas is necessary to prevent the formation of gas hydrates, which can plug valves and other components of a gas pipeline, and also to reduce potential corrosion problems. Water
A two-stage process is used to separate H2S from a gas containing 96% H and 4?? H2S by volume. ?The H2S is absorbed in a solvent, which is then regenerated by air in a stripping column. The Henry?s
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 11.1 g NaHCO3/l0O g H2O at 30°C and 16.4 g NaHCO3/100 g H20 at 60°C. If a saturated solution of NaHCO3 at 60°C is cooled and comes to equilibrium
An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is fed at a rate of 875 kg/h to an evaporative crystallizer operating at 10°C, producing crystals of KOH∙2H2O. A 5 g aliquot of the feed solution is
A salt A is soluble in a solvent S. A conductivity meter used to measure the solute concentration in A?S solutions is calibrated by dissolving a known quantity of A in S. adding more S to bring the
A saturated MgSO4 solution at 130°F is fed to a crystallizer operating at 50°F. The solution leaving the crystallizer is saturated. Magnesium sulfate solubilities are 35 wt% MgSO4 at 130°F and 23
A solution containing 100lbm KNO3/100lbm H2O at 80°C is fed to a cooling crystallizer operated at 25°C. Slurry from the crystallizer (KNO3 crystals suspended in saturated solution) is fed to a
A 10.0 wt% aqueous solution of sodium chloride is fed to an evaporative crystallizer operated under a partial vacuum. Evaporation of water concentrates the remaining solution beyond its saturation
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is to be recovered from a 21 wt% aqueous solution in a continuous crystallization operation. The solution is joined by a recycle stream and fed to a vacuum evaporator
Sodium bicarbonate is synthesized by reacting sodium carbonate with carbon dioxide and water at 70°C and 2.0 atm gauge: Na2CO3 + CO2 + H20 → 2 NaHCO3 an aqueous solution containing 7.00 wt%
An ore containing 90 wt% MgSO4 ? 7H2O and the balance insoluble minerals is fed to a dissolution tank at a rate of 60,000lbm/h along with fresh water and a recycle stream. The tank contents are
An aqueous waste stream leaving a process contains 10.0 wt% sulfuric acid and 1 kg nitric acid per kg sulfuric acid. The flow rate of sulfuric acid in the waste stream is 1000 kg/h. The acids are
A solution of diphenyl (MW = 154.2) in benzene is formed by mixing 56.0 g diphenyl with 550.0 mL of benzene. Estimate the effective vapor pressure of the solution at 30°C and the melting and boiling
An aqueous solution of urea (MW = 60.06) freezes at —4.6°C and 1 atm. Estimate the normal boiling point of the solution: then calculate the mass of urea (grams) that would have to be added to 1.00
A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.5150 g of a solute (MW = 110.1) in 100.0 g of an organic solvent (MW = 94.10). The solution is observed to have a freezing point 0.41°C below that of the pure
Derive Equation 6.5-4 for the boiling-point elevation of a dilute solution of a nonvolatile solute with mole fraction x in a solvent that has a pure-component vapor pressure ps (T). To do so, suppose
The distribution coefficient of styrene distributed between ethylbenzene and ethylene glycol at 25°C is 0.19mass fraction in the ethylene glycol phase per mass fraction in the ethylbenzene phase.
A stream of 5.00 wt% oleic acid in cottonseed oil enters an extraction unit at a rate of 100.0 kg/h. The unit operates as an equilibrium stage (the streams leaving the unit are in equilibrium) at
Benzene and hexane are being considered as solvents to extract acetic acid from aqueous mixtures. At 30°C, distribution coefficients for the two solvents are KB = 0.098 mass fraction acetic acid in
Acetone is to be extracted with n-hexane from a 40.0 wt% acetone—60.0 wt% water mixtures at 25°C The acetone distribution coefficient (mass fraction acetone in the hexane-rich phase/mass fraction
Penicillin is produced by fermentation and recovered from the resulting aqueous broth by extraction with butyl acetate. The penicillin distribution coefficient K (mass fraction of penicillin in the
A mixture of 20 wt% water 33% acetone and the remainder methyl isobutyl ketone is brought to equilibrium at 25°C. If the total mass of the system is 1.2 kg, use the data in Figure 6.6.1 to estimate
Five kilograms of a 30 wt% acetone—70% water mixture is added to 3.5 kg of a 20 wt% ace tone—80% MIBK mixture at 25° C. Use Figure 6.6-1 to estimate the mass and composition of each phase of the
An aqueous acetone solution is fed at a rate of 32.0lbm /h to a stirred tank. A stream of pure methyl isobutyl ketone is also fed to the tank, and the resulting mixture is sent to a settler operating
Two systems contain water, acetone, and methyl isobutyl ketone in equilibrium at 25°C. The first system contains equal masses of the three species, and the second one contains 9.0% acetone, 21.0%
Water is used to extract acetone from a 30 wt% acetone?70% MIBK mixture flowing at a rate of 200 kg/h. Two equilibrium stages at 25C are used as shown in the following diagram. If 300 kg H2O/h is fed
Air at 25?C and 1 atm with a relative humidity of 25% is to be dehumidified in an adsorption column packed with silica gel. The equilibrium adsorptivity of water on silica gel is given by the
A 50.0-L tank contains an air?carbon tetrachloride gas mixture at an absolute pressure of 1 atm, a temperature of 34?C, and a relative saturation of 30%. Activated carbon is added to the tank to
The following equilibrium data15 have been obtained for the adsorption of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, on silica gel at 25?C and 1 atm: (a) Confirm that these data are reasonably correlated by the Freund
Various amounts of activated carbon were added to a fixed amount of raw cane sugar solution (48 wt% sucrose in water) at 80?C. A colorimeter was used to measure the color of the solutions. R, which
A certain gasoline engine has an efficiency of 30%; that is, it converts into useful work 30% of the heat generated by burning a fuel. If the engine consumes 0.80 L/h of a gasoline with a heating
Consider an automobile with a mass of 5500lbm braking to a stop from a speed of 55 miles/h.(a) How much energy (Btu) is dissipated as heat by the friction of the braking process?(b) Suppose that
A simplified version of the life cycle of grocery sacks is shown below.4 In the late 1970s, supermarkets began to replace paper sacks with polyethylene (plastic) sacks. In the 1980s, a movement to go
Liquid methanol is pumped from a large storage tank through a 1-in.ID pipe at a rate of 3.00gal/mm.(a) At what rate in (i) ft ∙ lbf/s and (ii) hp is kinetic energy being transported by the methanol
Air at 300°C and 130 kPa flows through a horizontal 7-cm ID pipe at a velocity of 42.0m/s(a) Calculate Ek (W), assuming ideal gas behavior.(b) If the air is heated to 400°C at constant pressure,
Suppose you pour a gallon of water on a yowling cat 10 ft below your bedroom window.(a) How much potential energy (ft ∙ 1bf) does the water lose?(b) How fast is the water traveling (ft/s) just
Methane enters a 3-cm ID pipe at 30°C and 10bar with an average velocity of 5.00m/s and emerges at a point 200 m lower than the inlet at 30°C and 9bar.(a) Without doing any calculations, predict
You recently purchased a large plot of land in the Amazon jungle at an extremely low cost. You are quite pleased with yourself until you arrive there and find that the nearest source of electricity
Write and simplify the closed-system energy balance (Equation 7.3-4) for each of the following processes, and state whether nonzero heat and work terms are positive or negative. Begin by defining the
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00liters of a gas at 30°C and 5.00bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.00bar.(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00liters of a gas at 30°C and 5.00bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.00bar.(a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder
Oxygen at 150 K and 41.64 atm has a tabulated specific volume of 4.684cm3/g and a specific internal energy of 1706J/mol. Compute the specific enthalpy of O2 in this state.
Values of the specific internal energy of bromine at three conditions are listed here.(a) What reference(b) Calculate ΔU (kJ/mol) for a process in which bromine vapor at 300 K is condensed at
Prove that for an ideal gas. U and ii are related as H = U + RT, where R is the gas constant. Then:(a) Taking as given that the specific internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of the gas
If a system expands in volume by an amount ΔV (m3) against a constant restraining pressure P(N/m2), a quantity PΔV(J) of energy is transferred as expansion work from the system to its surroundings.
A horizontal cylinder equipped with a friction less piston contains 785 cm3 of steam at 300 K and 125 kPa. A total of 83.8 joules of heat is transferred to the steam, causing the steam temperature to
You are performing an experiment to measure the specific internal energy of a gas relative to a reference state of 25?C and 1 atm (at which conditions U is arbitrarily set equal to 0). The gas is
Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance (Equation 7.4-15) for each of the following cases. State when possible whether nonzero heat and shaft work terms are positive or negative.
Air is heated from 25°C to 150°C prior to entering a combustion furnace. The change in specific enthalpy associated with this transition is 3640 J/mol. The flow rate of air at the heater outlet is
A Thomas flow meter is a device in which heat is transferred at a measured rate from an electric coil to a flowing fluid, and the flow rate of the stream is calculated from the measured temperature
The specific enthalpy of liquid n-hexane at 1 atm vanes linearly with temperature and equals 25.8 kJ/kg at 30°C and 129.8 kJ/kg at 50°C.(a) Determine the equation that relates H (kJ/kg) to T(°C)
Steam at 260°C and 7.00bar absolute is expanded through a nozzle to 200°C and 4.00bar. Negligible heat is transferred from the nozzle to its surroundings. The approach velocity of the steam is
The heart pumps blood at an average rate of 5 L/min. The gauge pressure on the venous (intake) side is 0 mm Hg and that on the arterial (discharge) side is 100 mm Hg. Energy is supplied to the heart
Saturated steam at 100°C is heated to 400°C. Use the steam tables to determine(a) The required heat input (J/s) if a continuous stream flowing at 100 kg/s undergoes the process at constant pressure
A fuel oil is burned with air in a boiler furnace. The combustion produces 813kW of thermal energy; of which 65% is transferred as heat to boiler tubes that pass through the furnace. The combustion
Liquid water is fed to a boiler at 24°C and 10bar and is converted at constant pressure to saturated steam. Use the steam tables to calculate ΔH (kJ/kg) for this process, and then calculate the
You have been assigned to collect thermodynamic data for a new liquid product your company is about to begin manufacturing and you decide to use a continuous-flow technique to generate a correlation
Saturated steam at a gauge pressure of 2.0bar is to be used to heat a stream of ethane. The ethane enters a heat exchanger at 16?C and 1.5 bar gauge at a rate of 795m3/min and is heated at constant
Superheated steam at 40 bar absolute and 500°C flows at a rate of 250 kg/mm to an adiabatic turbine, where it expands to 5bar. The turbine develops 1500kW. From the turbine the steam flows to a
During a period of relative inactivity, the average rate of transport of enthalpy by the metabolic and digestive waste products leaving the body minus the rate of enthalpy transport by the raw
Liquid water at 30.0°C and liquid water at 90.0°C are combined in a ratio (1 kg cold water/2 kg hot water).(a) Use a simple calculation to estimate the final water temperature. For this part,
Steam produced in a boiler is frequently ‘wet”—that is. it is a mist composed of saturated water vapor and entrained liquid droplets. The quality of a wet steam is defined as the fraction of
Steam produced in a boiler is frequently ‘wet”—that is. it is a mist composed of saturated water vapor and entrained liquid droplets. The quality of a wet steam is defined as the fraction of
A steam trap is a device to purge steam condensate from a system without venting uncondensed steam. In one of the crudest trap types, the condensate collects and raises a float attached to a drain
A turbine discharges 200 kg/h of saturated steam at 10.0bar absolute. It is desired to generate steam at 250°C and 10.0 bar by mixing the turbine discharge with a second stream of superheated steam
Liquid water at 60bar and 250°C passes through an adiabatic expansion valve, emerging at a pressure P and temperature T1. If P is low enough, some of the liquid evaporates.(a) If Pf = 1.0 bar,
A 10.0-m3 tank contains steam at 275°C and 15.0bar. The tank and its contents are cooled until the pressure drops to 1.2bar. Some of the steam condenses in the process.(a) How much heat was
Jets of high-speed steam are used in spray cleaning. Steam at 15.0bar with 150°C of superheat is fed to a well-insulated valve at a rate of 1.00 kg/s. As the steam passes through the valve, its
The following diagram shows a simplified version of how a refrigerator works: In a liquid receiver (1), a liquid refrigerant (any one of a number of halogenated hydrocarbons such as CC12F2) is

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