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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

Describe the research demonstrating that people can learn to control their automatic prejudicial responses.
Have you ever inadvertently engaged in a prejudiced behavior? How did you react to having done so? How well does the model in Figure 13.1 reflect your experience?
Describe the self-regulation model of prejudice reduction. Include both the development and use of cues for control. What types of people are most likely to engage in the selfregulation of prejudice?
Describe the differences between a weight-normative and a weight-inclusive approach to health. Do you think it is possible to decrease weight stigma and improve health?
Describe the types of discrimination that people who are perceived to be overweight experience.
How does the belief that weight is controllable affect attitudes toward people with obesity?
How does the attribution-value model explain anti-fat prejudice?
If you were the parent of an extremely short child, would you allow your physician to prescribe growth hormones? Why or why not?
What advantages do taller people have over shorter people?
What is lookism? Do you believe it affects your interactions with attractive people? Why or why not?
Nancy Etcoff has stated that “beauty rules.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain your reasoning.
What social categories intersect with physical disability or mental illness that might affect how a person is treated (both positively or negatively)? Are there ways to promote positive attitudes
How could this discrimination be reduced?
List four areas where people with mental illness are likely to experience discrimination.
Acceptability of people with mental illness appears high and yet discrimination against them is also high. How do you resolve this apparent contradiction?
Mental illness is viewed more negatively than physical disability. Why do you think this difference exists?
Reread the quote by George Will at the beginning of this chapter. Based on what you know about prejudice against people with disabilities, is Will correct?
Many guidelines for communicating with people with disabilities may be considered simply respectful ways to interact with anyone. Why do you think people need to be reminded of these when
Distinguish between aesthetic anxiety, existential anxiety, and anxiety due to inexperience with interacting with people with disabilities. Which type of anxiety do you believe is more common?
Describe how concealable disabilities differ from visible disabilities. What kinds of concerns do people with concealable disabilities raise when deciding whether to disclose their disability to
Describe ways in which benevolent prejudice toward people with disabilities might be harmful.
In what ways might social desirability response biases affect self-reported attitudes toward people with physical disabilities? Why do these biases exist?
Explain why disability is considered a stigma. Which disabilities are more likely to be stigmatized and why?
How can overhelping older adults or persons with disabilities create a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Recall the research on the self-fulfilling prophecy discussed in Chapter
Consider an example of inspiration porn that you have seen. What are some downsides of sharing “inspiring” accounts of people with disabilities?
Explain the idea that disability is socially constructed.
Distinguish between the legal and social definitions of disability. Why is this distinction important?
Do you think younger people have self-stereotypes? If so, how might those stereotypes affect their behavior?
What long-term effects do these beliefs have? How could you use this information to improve older adults’ life satisfaction?
In what ways do older adults’ self-stereotypes affect their behavior in the short term?
Think of examples of age-based discrimination that you have experienced. Do you think age-based discrimination against young people should be called ageism? Why or why not?
Distinguish between people-first and identity-first language. What are acceptable ways to use the term “elderly” and what uses should one avoid?
Describe what you learned.
Interview an older friend or relative about their experiences with patronizing speech.
What is patronizing speech? Give examples. When is it likely to be used? Is it ever helpful? Explain why or why not.
What do you think can be done to reduce institutional age discrimination in health care?
How might a health care intake interview differ for an older and younger patient? What are the implications of those differences for treatment?
If you were taking an older adult to a health care appointment, what would you do to ensure they were treated fairly?
If you were an employer interested in reducing age-related bias in your hiring practices, what training would you provide? What would you do to reduce ageism on the job?
Give examples of age-related stereotypes that affect older people in the workplace.
Beauty products are frequently marketed using the term “anti-aging” yet imagine using“anti-gay” or “anti-woman” to sell a product. What does the use of the term anti-aging say about
Do you believe that ageism in the media is more prevalent against older women or against older men? Explain your reasoning.
Describe an advertisement that depicts older people in a positive light.
Describe how older adults are presented in the media. What are the implications of older adults being largely absent from the media? Explain your reasoning.
Do you believe there is a double standard of aging? Why or why not?
List the major subtypes of the category “older adults.”
How does terror management theory explain ageism? Do you think this theory is more applicable for some age groups than others? Why or why not?
Under what circumstances might a younger person’s forgetfulness lead to negative evaluations?
Distinguish between primary and secondary aging. Which of these types of aging is associated with successful aging?
What are the advantages of aging? Do you think those advantages are represented in people’s stereotypes about older adults?
What ages define the categories “young,” “middle-aged,” and “old”? In what ways are researchers’ and nonresearchers’ definitions similar and different?
If people in general are more accepting of homosexuality, why do people who are gay or lesbian still experience workplace discrimination?
Based on your knowledge of ingroups and outgroups, why would people who are gay or lesbian be intolerant of people who are bisexual?
In what ways are attitudes toward lesbians and gay men changing? In what ways are they not changing? They are changing more in some countries than in others; what do you think is causing these
Use the gender belief system model to explain why men, compared with women, are more intolerant of gay men.
How are the individual difference variables that predict anti-gay prejudice similar to or different from the individual difference variables that predict anti-transgender prejudice?
Researchers are more likely to study attitudes toward gay men than toward people who are lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. Why do you think this might be the case?
Describe the stereotypes associated with lesbians and gay men.
Research shows that male adolescents use gay-related name-calling (for example, calling someone “gay”) more frequently than female adolescents (Slaatten et al., 2014). Explain this result in
Just what do women and men do in bed together? How can they truly know how to please each other, being so anatomically different?
A disproportionate majority of child molesters are heterosexual. Do you consider it safe to expose children to heterosexual teachers?
Why do heterosexuals place so much emphasis on sex?
Why do you insist on flaunting your heterosexuality? Can’t you just be who you are and keep it quiet?
Do your parents know you’re straight? Do your friends and/or roommate know? How did they react?
If you’ve never slept with a person of the same gender, is it possible that all you need is a good gay lover?
Is it possible that your heterosexuality stems from a fear or dislike of others that are the same gender as you?
Is it possible that your heterosexuality is just a phase that you may grow out of?
What do you think caused your heterosexuality? When and how did you decide you were heterosexual?
Look at social media or news reports of Caitlyn Jenner’s gender expression transition from male to female. Do you see evidence of the kinds of microaggressions Kevin Nadal described in his research?
List the common microaggressions experienced by transgender people. Why do you think those microaggressions are more hurtful coming from friends?
Is there cisgender privilege? Explain your reasoning.
Imagine you learn that a person in your class is transgender. What could you do to make that person feel more accepted?
How does the precarious social status of the male role affect men’s reactions to having their masculine identity threatened?
Think about how men are depicted in recent feature films, television series, or video games. Do you see evidence of hyper-masculinity? If so, is that evidence more likely for characters of some
Describe ways in which the male role is prescriptive. Do you believe these prescriptions affect men’s lives in important ways, minor ways, or both?
Based on the research discussed in this chapter, describe a program that would increase the number of women majoring in STEM disciplines. Do you think that similar programs would encourage women to
Think of a highly successful woman you know of. Does her experience encourage or discourage you or women you know? Why? Use the theories described in this chapter to explain your viewpoint.
Why do Eagly and Carli (2007) prefer the term “labyrinth” to the term “glass ceiling”when describing women’s progress in nontraditional occupations? Which term do you think is the better
According to role congruity theory, what two forms of prejudice combine to limit women’s entry into and success in leadership roles?
Explain how hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes work in tandem to “keep women in their place.”
List the dimensions people use to categorize subtypes of women and men. What dimension distinguishes subtypes that are liked and disliked?
What is the discrimination-affection paradox? How does ambivalent sexism theory account for it?
List three major ways women are discriminated against in your country.
What is the women are wonderful effect? Does this effect apply to all women? Why or why not?
Describe how gender stereotypes have changed over time. What do you think has caused these changes?
Provide evidence supporting and refuting the accuracy of gender stereotypes.
What is face-ism? Find examples from the media, magazines, or art. Can you also find counterexamples?
Which emotions are stereotypically associated with women and which are stereotypically associated with men? Do you think these stereotypes affect the emotions women and men display? If so, how?
Why do you think gender-associated beliefs are similar cross-culturally?
What is gender polarization? Do you believe that this belief accurately reflects men’s and women’s actual characteristics?
Kay Deaux and Marianne LaFrance (1998) argue that gender stereotypes are the most fundamental aspect of the gender belief system. Do you agree or disagree? What are your reasons for your answer?
Consider a time when your behavior or beliefs differed from the norms prescribed by your culture’s gender belief system. How were you treated? How did you feel?
At what age did you realize your gender identity? Your sexual orientation? People from the dominant group don’t often get asked these questions, but people from sexual and gender minority groups
List the components of the gender belief system and give an example of each.
What terms in Table 11.1 are you less familiar with? Can you find examples from social media that represent any of these terms?
Describe how the Bostock v. Clayton County Georgia, 2020 U.S. Supreme Court ruling connects prejudice against women with prejudice against people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.
Consider the quotations that opened this chapter. Do you believe dominant group members can ever understand what it is like to experience discriminatory behaviors? Why or why not? Are there factors
What role do you think dominant group members play in decreasing prejudice against stigmatized group members?
How do reappropriation strategies such as reframing and self-labeling differ from disengagement and behavioral compensation? Are there situations where one strategy might be more effective than

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