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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

Explain how members of stigmatized groups use behavioral compensation in situations where they might be discriminated against. Does behavioral compensation do more harm than good? Explain your
How might psychological disengagement affect the school performance of people who are Latinx in the United States?
Explain the concept of psychological disengagement.
Reread Box 10.4. What could the instructor have done to create a classroom in which students would be more likely to confront a speaker who made derogatory comments?Explain your reasoning.
What is stigma consciousness? Describe how it can have negative consequences.
Explain the factors that influence how people who claim discrimination are evaluated by outgroup and ingroup members.
Think of a time when you have witnessed discrimination. How did you respond and what factors affected your reaction? Having read about research on this topic, would you respond differently in the
Describe the factors that people take into account when deciding whether an action constitutes discrimination. Give an example of how you have used those criteria in your own life, either for a
What is the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)? Outline the cognitive and motivational explanations for the PGDD and the results of the research on those explanations. Which explanation
What is stereotype lift? If you believed you had benefited from this process, how would you feel? Explain your reasoning.
If you were a teacher, how would you prepare your students for standardized tests so that the effects of stereotype threat would be minimized? Would you use the same or different practices depending
Describe the factors that increase or decrease the size of the stereotype threat effect.
Describe the three types of stereotype threat interventions. Which do you believe would be most effective?
Explain the concept of stereotype threat. Outline the keys to understanding how stereotype threat operates.
Explain how the experience of prejudice might result in psychological trauma. Do you think the experience of microaggressions could result in trauma? Why or why not?
Is the stress associated with experiencing discrimination the same or different from other types of stress? Explain your reasoning.
Explain how social or community support can be a buffer against the experience of discrimination. What kinds of negative coping behaviors can occur? How can the effects of those behaviors be
Explain the minority stress model, distinguishing between internal and external stressors.
If you are a member of a majority group, have you ever been the sole member of group in a setting otherwise composed only of members of a minority group? If so, how did you feel? How did the other
Give examples of token group members outside the corporate setting. Explain how the concepts of visibility, assimilation, and contrast relate to these individuals.
Define stigma by association. How are your own interactions affected by the possibility of this stigma?
Explain why social scientists often consider women to be members of a stigmatized group.
Do you think the basis of their stigma (such as whether it is based on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or another factor) matters from the point of view of stigmatized individuals?Explain your
Explain the concept of stigma and describe the five factors that distinguish between harmful and benign stigmas.
Explain the concept of secondary victimization.
In what ways do the psychological consequences differ for the victims of hate crimes and those of crimes not motivated by bias? What causes these differences?
Explain how community attitudes can affect the occurrence of hate crimes.
Explain the role that peer group dynamics play in hate crimes.
Explain ingroup defense as a motivation for hate crimes. What role does vicarious retribution play in this process?
Some researchers believe that thrill-seeking hate crime offenders feel little animosity toward their victims or their groups. Do you agree or disagree? Explain the reasons for your position.
Explain how thrill seeking can motivate hate crimes. Who do thrill seekers choose as victims? How do they justify their behavior?
Describe the role intergroup attitudes play in motivating hate crimes.
What are hate crimes? Describe the characteristics of hate crime offenders.
Rather than attributing the differential outcomes that minority and woman workers experience in organizations to intentional discrimination, Smith and Elliott (2002) wrote that “We believe that
Explain the role conformity to perceived norms plays in workplace discrimination.
What types of microaggression are found in the workplace? Why do they occur? What effects do they have?
If an employer believes that his White customers do not want to interact with people of other ethnicities, does that justify a decision not to hire non-White workers? Conversely, if an employer
Explain the role contemporary prejudice plays in workplace discrimination.
What is the shifting standards effect? How does it explain group differences in hiring, performance evaluation, and promotion?
What has research discovered about discrimination in promotions? What organizational factors might contribute to these differences?
Researchers have found that Black workers usually get lower scores on objective measures of job performance than do White workers. What is the relevance of this finding for interpreting race
What has research discovered about discrimination in hiring and performance evaluation?
What were their reasons for doing so? Do you know anyone who considered whitening their résumé but decided not to? What were their reasons for their choice?
Kang and colleagues (2016) examined the practice of whitening résumés to improve the chances of getting a job interview. Do you know anyone who whitened their résumé?
What is an employment audit? Do you think that employment audits are effective tools for studying discrimination in hiring? Why or why not? What other types of discrimination could be studied using
How do people react emotionally to having acted in a prejudiced manner? How do those reactions affect their future behavior?
Have you observed any instances of such loss of control? If so, describe them and explain what factors led to the release of discriminatory behavior in those cases.
Describe the factors that can cause people to lose control over their prejudiced responses.
Forscher and colleagues (2015) found that some people are motived to express prejudice rather than to control their prejudiced responses. What psychological factors do you think underlie that
Describe the types of motivation to control prejudiced responses.Researchers have found that people with higher scores on external motivation to control prejudice express more prejudice than people
What are social norms? How are they related to prejudice and discrimination? What experiences have you had with social norms and prejudice and discrimination?
Describe how the stereotype content model explains the role of intergroup emotions in discrimination.
How closely is prejudice related to discrimination? How does the theory of planned behavior explain the relationship between prejudice and behavior?
Anthony Greenwald and Thomas Pettigrew (2014) have suggested that ingroup favoritism is a more important cause of discrimination than is dislike of outgroups. That is, they suggest that people
What are microaggressions? Think about microaggressions that you have experienced or observed. What factors do you think motivated or enabled those behaviors?
What forms of discrimination do you think those types of prejudice likely result in?
Define the forms discrimination can take and give an example of each. Review the types of contemporary prejudice we discussed in Chapter
Define discrimination. How does discrimination differ from prejudice? How are the two concepts similar?
What factors motivate people to leave hate groups?
Describe the techniques that members of hate groups use to indoctrinate racist attitudes into their children.
Describe the role that the internet plays in hate group recruitment and socialization.
Describe the process of socializing a hate group member. What are the outcomes of the socialization process?
How are hate group members recruited? What factors make a person vulnerable to recruitment by hate groups?
What are hate groups? What psychological functions does hate group membership have?
As we discuss in Chapter 12, young people often hold prejudices and discriminate against older people. Use the model shown in Figure 8.3 to explain how that prejudice could develop. That is, what
Explain how intergroup threat theory brings social identity theory, relative deprivation theory, and social identity theory together. How are these theories related to social dominance theory,
The COVID-19 pandemic affected how different groups (e.g., different states, nations)related to each other. For example, scarcity of resources (e.g., masks, ventilators, vaccines) occurred around the
Explain this backlash in terms of intergroup competition. Include in your answer the roles of competition over both tangible and cultural resources.
Social progress by minority groups can lead to a backlash from majority group members.
What factors do you think lead to one outcome versus the other? Explain the reasons for your answer.
Intergroup competition can result in either outgroup derogation or ingroup favoritism.
Describe the realistic conflict theory of prejudice. What situational and ideological factors contribute to perceptions of intergroup competition? What psychological and behavioral effects do these
How are feelings of relative deprivation related to that form of prejudice?
Think back to the theory of modern-symbolic prejudice described in Chapter
How can feelings of relative gratification cause prejudice?
How does this explanation differ from social identity theory?
How does relative deprivation theory explain middle-class or White people’s prejudice?
Give an example of a situation where you thought your group was deprived of a benefit(e.g., educational opportunity), but you did not personally feel deprived. How did you feel about the situation?
Explain the difference between personal and group relative deprivation. How is each related to prejudice?
Describe the relative deprivation theory of prejudice.
Most of the research on national identity and prejudice has dealt with attitudes toward immigrant groups. Do you think that research applies to minority groups within a society as well? Explain the
Describe the two ways in which people can conceptualize national identity. How do these differences in how people think of national identity affect prejudice?
Explain the difference between ingroup bias and outgroup derogation. Why is this distinction important?
What are chronic social identities? Which of your social identities would you describe as chronic?
Explain optimal distinctiveness theory. What shortcomings of self-categorization theory does it address?
Explain the factors that influence self-categorization. In what ways is self-categorization similar to and different from the social categorization of others discussed in Chapter 4?
Describe the factors that influence the degree of identification one feels with a group.
Describe the processes by which social identity can lead to prejudice on the one hand or to tolerance on the other hand. Illustrate your explanation with examples from your own experience.
What long-term effects does intergroup contact have on prejudice?
Explain how teachers can affect their students’ intergroup attitudes.
What are multicultural and anti-bias education? What are their goals? How effective are they at reducing prejudice?
Have you ever been involved in a cooperative learning situation? If so, how well did the situation embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have on your
What is cooperative learning? Explain why cooperative learning programs should reduce prejudice. How well do they work? What limitations do they have?
If so, how well did the school environment embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have on intergroup relations in the school? What additional factors
Did you attend a high school that enrolled students from multiple racial or ethnic groups?
Describe the barriers to intergroup contact that can arise in schools. How do those barriers weaken the effects that intergroup contact can have on prejudice?
What factors contribute to its success or failure?
What is the basis for expecting that intergroup contact in schools would reduce prejudice?
We focused on how intergroup development theory can explain racial and ethnic prejudice. How do you think that theory would explain the development of gender and sexual orientation prejudice?
Explain the roles parents, peer groups, and media play in the development of prejudice in children.

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