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industrial organizational psychology understanding the workplace

Questions and Answers of Industrial Organizational Psychology Understanding The Workplace

2. Are there ways in which it appears that theoretical approaches to the psychology of women have been shaped by male-centered views of the world?
1. Which theory (or combination of theories) makes the most sense to you as an explanation of how human behavior and personality become gendered?
5. What parallels are there across cultures in the ways that have been or are used to control women by controlling their bodies?
4. Why do you think some cultures treat menstruation as something embarrassing? How might it change the culture if menstruation were looked at as something to proclaim (“I’m menstruating
3. How would you compare the practices of female genital mutilation as practiced in some times and places to control women’s sexuality and the practice of clitoroplasty currently used to make an
2. What do you think the research on intersex individuals tells us about femininity and masculinity?
1. What exactly is a woman? What biological and/or social qualities define a person as female?
4. Some researchers argue that cultural ideas about gender become embodied—that we incorporate gender into our bodies and it becomes, not just an abstract set of ideas or expectations, but a set of
3. Is it a good idea to do gender comparative research? Why or why not?
2. What are some ways that research findings on gender differences in abilities and aggression are socially constructed?
1. This chapter argues that research is always shaped by the social context in which it takes place. What are some ways in which the social context that exists now, in your own time and place, may be
4. How universal are gender stereotypes? What are the issues that make it difficult to give a definite answer to this question?
3. What does it mean to take a feminist approach to the psychology of women? What does such an approach entail? Do you consider yourself a feminist? Why or why not?
2. Why is it important, in studying the psychology of women, to study women in a variety of cultures and contexts? Has the material in this chapter about women in various cultures changed your ideas
1. What does it mean to say gender is socially constructed? Can you identify some ways you participate in constructing gender when you interact with your friends?
5. After reviewing some initial findings from the social neuroscience of prejudice, what additional questions would you like researchers to pursue? What methods should they use?
4. If we discover that brain damage or abnormalities are responsible for many violent criminal acts, what changes, if any, would you propose in the criminal justice and prison systems?
3. Our responses to stress evolved under different living conditions than most of us experience today. What aspects of our stress response systems still work well?Which are perhaps less adaptive to
2. Paul Ekman suggests that we aren’t very good at detecting liars because “we often want to be misled, we collude in the lie unwittingly because we have a stake in not knowing the truth”
1. Which of the models of emotion presented in this chapter makes the most sense to you and why?
3. What are some of the possible reasons for the heritability of loneliness?
2. How might the process of categorization of individuals be affected by individual differences among the perceivers?
1. What are the possible implications of having separate networks supporting social cognition and social emotion?
3. Loneliness, or the perception of social isolation, serves as an early warning system for frayed social connections. Unfortunately, loneliness also triggers self-preservation behaviors, which can
2. Neural correlates of prejudice include rapid, implicit categorizations of stimuli such as facial appearance. These rapid assessments interact with more complex processing involving learning and
1. The social cognitive network, supporting functions like theory of mind (TOM), is distinct from the social emotional network, supporting functions like empathy. Both networks overlap with the other
4. How do alcohol, testosterone, cortisol, and serotonin contribute to aggressiveness?
3. What brain processes are associated with proactive versus reactive aggression?
2. How does our mindset contribute to the way we experience stress?
1. What are the effects of short-term and chronic stress on the immune system and on general health?
5. The use of alcohol and other drugs, interactions between testosterone and cortisol, and low serotonin levels correlate with aggression. (LO4)
4. The hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex are involved with aggression. (LO4)
3. Proactive aggression is premeditated and relatively unemotional, while reactive aggression is impulsive and highly emotional. (LO4)
2. Short bursts of stress are beneficial to health, but chronic stress can suppress immune system activity, leading to higher rates of illness. (LO3)
1. Selye described a three-stage General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) that occurs in response to stress.The organism will experience alarm, resistance, and exhaustion as long as the source of stress
2. How are emotional expressions shaped by biology, culture, and individual differences?
1. How do the three classic theories of emotion differ in their explanations of emotional behavior?
6. Emotion regulation using suppression is associated with activity in a fronto-parietal network along with the default mode network (DMN). It has been more difficult to identify correlates of
5. The autonomic nervous system, amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortices play important roles in emotion. (LO2)
4. Facial expression is mediated by the facial nerve(cranial nerve VII). Voluntary expressions are controlled by the primary motor cortex, while spontaneous expressions are controlled by subcortical
3. Affective neuroscientists debate whether emotional states are discrete and inborn or dimensional and cognitively constructed. The contributions of emotion to decision making are also the subject
2. Three classic theories of emotion attempt to organize the relationships between physical reactions and conscious awareness of emotions. The JamesLange theory suggests that autonomic responses are
1. Emotions promote survival by enhancing arousal, organizing approach and avoidance behaviors, and providing a means of communication. (LO1)
6. Why might our decision-making processes emphasize the avoidance of loss rather than gaining positive outcomes?
5. We identify people with math and verbal difficulties as having a learning disability. Why don’t we also have terms such as having a musical disability or an athletic disability?
4. If being non-right-handed is associated with higher rates of learning disability and immune disease, why do you think non-right-handedness is maintained in the population?
3. What might be the advantages to an animal of localizing functions to one hemisphere of the brain as opposed to distributing the functions over both hemispheres?
2. Some linguists believe that we will go from having thousands of languages worldwide to fewer than a dozen within 100 years. What might be the implications of such a rapid change?
1. How are the issues of consciousness and free will related? Is one dependent on the other?
3. What roles do the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex play in decision making?
2. How might epigenetics affect cognitive development?
1. What can we learn about intelligence from network neuroscience and artificial intelligence?
3. Decision making combines a value assessment stage, involving the striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with a choice stage involving the parietal lobe. (LO6)Review Questions 13.3
2. Correlations between gray matter volume, white matter volume, and single genes with intelligence are low, emphasizing the holistic, complex nature of intelligent behavior. (LO5)
1. Intelligence can be viewed as having a hierarchical organization combining general intelligence and specific skills. (LO5)
5. Dyslexia and stuttering are developmental disorders in which an otherwise intelligent person experiences difficulty learning to read (dyslexia) or to articulate clearly (stuttering) when exposed
4. The clinical study of aphasias, alexias, and agraphias has helped identify the major areas of the brain involved with the comprehension and production of language. (LO4)
3. Multilingualism involves overlapping representations of multiple languages in the brain and may be beneficial for cognitive functioning. Despite the spatial nature of ASL, research evidence
2. Nonhuman animals clearly communicate, but controversy remains as to whether nonhuman animals truly possess the ability to use language. (LO3)
1. The evolution of language might have occurred as spoken language replaced gesture, self-domestication occurred, and possible genetic changes took place. (LO3)
2. What are the possible advantages of lateralization of functions in the cerebral hemispheres?
1. What are the possible advantages of conscious awareness to survival?
5. Handedness, language, spatial relations, dichotic listening, the processing of music and prosody, gender, and some psychological disorders correlate with patterns of lateralization. (LO2)
4. Lateralization reflects genetic influences, but understanding the exact processes responsible for its development requires further research. Lateralization appears to involve differential gene
1. Not all brain functions occur at a level of conscious awareness. Activity in a posterior hot zone seems particularly correlated with the experience of consciousness. (LO1)
3. Research involving patients who had undergone surgery to treat life-threatening seizures led to an understanding that some functions are not symmetrically organized in the brain. (LO2)
2. Disorders of consciousness, including coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), and locked in syndrome, help us understand the processes responsible for typical consciousness. (LO1)
1. Not all brain functions occur at a level of conscious awareness. Activity in a posterior hot zone seems particularly correlated with the experience of consciousness. (LO1)
Think about this quote by William Wilberforce: “You may choose to look the other way but you can never say again that you did not know.” How do his thoughts relate to encouraging yourself or
Are there any settings or types of people for which our suggestions or yours might not be effective? Explain your reasoning. What could be done to overcome the problems that you identified? Explain
We have described a number of things you can do to reduce prejudice and discrimination, but that list is not exhaustive. What other approaches can you think of? Explain why you think that each would
If you were a manager in an organization, what could you do to improve the diversity climate among the people you supervise?
Describe the unintended consequences of diversity training. If you were a manager in an organization, what could you do to mitigate those consequences?
What are the advantages of addressing diversity issues in the college setting?
What factors make it more likely that diversity programs will succeed? What factors reduce their chances for success?
How do the meanings people impute to the term “affirmative action” differ from its legal definition? What does the term “affirmative action” mean to you? How did you come to ascribe that
Describe the three major goals of diversity initiatives.
The United States has often been referred to as a melting pot of cultures. What does the term “melting pot” mean to you? Which perspective—colorblindness, assimilation, multiculturalism, or
A survey of young Americans found that they endorsed both the colorblind and multicultural perspectives at the same time (Lookdifferent.org, 2014). Do you think that holding these views
Think back to our discussion of the common ingroup identity model. In what ways is it similar to and different from the assimilationist perspective?
Explain the difference between the equality orientation and color evasion aspects of colorblindness. Describe the shortcomings of taking a color evasive perspective.
Compare and contrast colorblindness, assimilation, and multiculturalism as replacements for prejudiced attitudes. Which do you think is best? Explain the reasons for your answer.
Explain why positive intergroup contact might reduce minority group members’ support for collective action.
Think about the intergroup contact experiences you have had and answer these questions based on one of these experiences. To what extent were the necessary and facilitating conditions for successful
What constitutes a dual identity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a single common identity versus dual identities? What dual social identities do you have?
Describe how developing a common ingroup identity reduces prejudice. What drawbacks might emerge from a common ingroup identity?
Describe the factors that promote generalization of attitude change from the people one meets in an intergroup contact situation to their group as a whole. What effects do positive and negative
Describe the personalization stage of the intergroup contact process. What are the shortcomings of personalization as an approach to prejudice reduction?
Monteith and colleagues’ (2002) self-regulation model of prejudice reduction focuses on individual cognitive and emotional processes whereas the contact model focuses on intergroup processes. In
In Box 13.3, we noted that media use can represent a form of extended contact. What media have you accessed that might serve this function? Did it affect your attitudes toward outgroup members? Why
What is indirect contact? What forms can it take? How effective is it in reducing prejudice?
How effective is intergroup contact in reducing prejudice? What types of changes does it produce? What factors limit its effectiveness in reducing prejudice?
Describe the contact hypothesis. What four conditions are necessary for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice? Explain how each condition contributes to prejudice reduction.
Think about the self-regulation and the perspective-taking models of prejudice reduction.In what ways are they similar and in what ways are they different?
If you were a teacher, how could you apply the principles of perspective taking to reduce stereotyping and prejudice in your students?
Under what conditions can perspective taking have negative effects?
Explain how perspective taking reduces prejudice toward outgroups.
Describe the positive outcomes of taking an outgroup member’s perspective.
Describe the ways in which researchers manipulate perspective taking. Do you believe these are similar to the ways in which people take another’s perspective outside of the laboratory? Why or why
What kind of mistakes can people make when they try to act in an unprejudiced manner?

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