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James Atkinson was a British engineer who designed several combustion engines. The thermodynamic cycle bearing his name is a modification of the Otto cycle intended to improve its efficiency. The... a) An ideal gas (C P = 30 J/mole) is throttled from 20 bar, 25 C to 1 bar. What is the temperature at the exit? b) Water is throttled from 20 bar, 25 C to 1 bar. What is the temperature at the exit?... A thermally insulated turbine generates 750 kW of power by expanding steam from 500 C and 3.5 MPa to 200 C and 0.3 MPa. a) What is the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine? b) Because of... Calculate the density of gaseous H 2 O at each of the following states:a. 0.07 bar, 360 K,b. 1 atm, 700 K,c. 200 bar, 700 K,Using the perfect gas model. Compare the values obtained with the values... A mixture of ideal gases contains 0.5 kmol of CO 2 , 2 kmol of O 2 , and 7 kmol of N 2 at 700 K. Determine the following quantities: A. The mole fraction of each constituent in the mixture. B. The... The actone(1) + chloroform(2) system has an azeotrope at x 1 = 0.38, 248 mmHg, and 35.17C. Fit the Wilson equation, and predict the P-x-y diagram. An infinite slab of material with index of refraction n() and group velocity g < 0 occupies the space 0 < z < a. The rest of space is vacuum. (a) Consider a plane wave with electric field E = xE 0... (a) Derive the generalizedwave equation satisfied by E(r, t) in non magnetic matter when the permittivity is a function of position, (r). Specialize the equation to the case when (r) = (z) and E(r,... The maximum allowable temperature for a reactor is 800 K. At present our operating set point is 780 K, the 20-K margin of safety to account for fluctuating feed, sluggish controls, etc. Now, with a... In the absence of free charge or free current, the Maxwell equations in optically active matter are (a) Let P = ( 0)E and M = ( 1 0 1)B, but do not introduce D or H. Assume plane wave behavior... Evaluate the matrix elements (or expectation values) given below. If any vanishes, explain why it vanishes using simple symmetry (or other) arguments. [In (a) and (b), |nlm stands for the energy... See Figure P123. The shaft rotating at 480 rpm carries two 4-in-diameter sheaves at D and E that each deliver 3 hp to mating sheaves as shown. Compute the torque delivered by the shaft to each sheave... A reaction has the stoichiometric equation A + B = 2R. What is the order of reaction? Use the curve-fit coefficients for the standardized enthalpy from Table H.2 to verify the enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K in Table H.1 for methane, propane, and hexane. Formula CHA CH CH CH6 C3H6... A valve manufacturer has received an inquiry from a company seeking large units for an oil pipeline. Certain types currently in production might be suitable, but they are much smaller than what is... This problem concerns the power that an organism of length L must expend to swim underwater at a constant velocity U. In general, will be affected by and of water, in addition to L and U. (a) If... Racing shells are very narrow, causing the water drag to be predominantly frictional. A typical eight-rower (plus coxswain) shell has a length at the waterline of 16.9 m and a wetted area of 9.41 m 2... Answer the following questions about the definitions of sustainability given in Box 3.1. Box 3.1: 1. Jefferson wrote, "Then, no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the... On the basis of the history of chlorofluorocarbons described in Box 2.1. Box 2.1: Discuss how this technology resulted in unexpected impacts and shifting of problems from one domain to another. When... One of the statements from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (see Box 2.4) is as follows: "Even today's technology and knowledge can reduce considerably the human impact on ecosystems. They are... Coastal regions of the world where rivers meet the ocean are constantly undergoing gain and loss of land due to the deposition of sediment carried by rivers and to erosion, respectively. The loss of... A strategy followed by some corporations for reducing their corporate carbon dioxide emissions has been to sell the divisions that emitted most CO 2 per unit of product and buy the raw materials... Reductionist research has contributed tremendously to improving the efficiency of lighting technologies. However, the total energy consumed for lighting has not decreased. Details about this are... Calculate the stagnation temperature for air flowing at 200C and 1.5 atm if the velocity is 0.9 of the sonic velocity. Air at 25C enters a section of 2-in. Schedule 40 steel pipe at a gauge pressure of 310 kN/m 2 and a flow rate of 1,200 kg/h. Assuming isothermal flow, what is the pressure drop in 60 m of pipe? Professors David Pimentel and Bruce Dale debated the use of net energy analysis for determining "The Cost of Biofuels. Answer the following questions based on this article. Table 12.4 contains data... For the US Sankey diagram shown in Figure 12.7. Figure 12.7: Calculate the energy efficiency of power generation and the four sectors. Obtain the Sankey diagrams for the USA from the cited source for... Consider a flat plate of thickness t, width w into the page, and length b submerged in water, as in Fig. P390. The depth of water from the surface to the center of the plate is H, and angle is... A vertical cylindrical reactor 2.5 m in diameter and 4 m high is cooled by spraying water on the top and allowing the water to flow down the outside wall. The water flow rate is 0.15 m 3 /min, and... A 1-in. BWG 14 copper condenser tube, 3 m long, is to condense ethyl alcohol at atmospheric pressure. Cooling water inside the tube keeps the metal surface at an essentially constant temperature of... The density of saturated liquid refrigerant134a for 20C T 100C is given in Table A 4. Using this value develop an expression in the form = aT 2 + bT + c for the density of refrigerant134a as a... What heat-transfer coefficient would be expected for natural convection to water at 212F and 1 atm, outside a 1-in. horizontal pipe with a surface temperature of 213F? Compare with Fig. 13.5 and... Consider the conditions of Example 314 in the text except that the ambient air is at a temperature of 30C. A person with skin/fat layer thickness of 0.003 m is doing vigorous exercise which raises... Estimate the vapor pressure of ethanol at temperatures of T = 0, 50, 100, and 150C, using the following methods. A. The Antoine equation B. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation with H vap = 42.0 kJ/mol... Despite the insight provided by Ostrom's design principles for the sustainable management of common resources, tragedies of the commons continue to occur. One prominent example is the increasing... Does Pope Francis' encyclical in Box 22.1 Align with shallow ecology or deep ecology? Justify your answer in detail. Box 22.1: BOX 22.1 Excerpts from Pope Francis' Encyclical, "Laudato Si: On Care... Evaluate the approach of inclusive wealth using the six requirements for sustainability assessment listed in Box 3.3. Box 3.3: Can any of the shortcomings of this approach be overcome with the help... The treatment of urban waste water results in the production of biosolids. This byproduct may be landfilled, incinerated, composted to use as fertilizer, or applied directly to land. Each alternative... An EIP consists of three processes: leather processing, protein hydrolysates manufacturing, and plastofill production. Leather processing produces 65 x 10 6 m 3 /yr of tanned leather, 85,000 ton/yr... A coal-based power plant consumes 500 tons of coal per hour to produce 700 MW of electricity. Sixty percent of the heat content in the coal is lost as heat. The coal contains 20 percent ash. The fuel... A start-up company is based on the development of a material that can be used to make recyclable carbon fiber composites. This allows snowboards and scraps from snowboard production to be recycled to... In the network shown in Fig. 16-28, the 100-V source passes a continuous current in the first loop while the switch is open. Find the currents after the switch is closed at t = 0. 100 V (+ US i 10 2... Table 17.8 shows the carbon and nitrogen footprints for transportation fuels. Answer the following questions based on these data. Table 17.8: 1. Plot the footprints for fossil and first-generation... The definition of eco-efficiency in Section 17.2 refers to the Earth's carrying capacity. Section 17.2: Do current eco-efficiency practices meet this goal of the original definition? Justify your... a. Example 13-1: Batch Reactor with an Exothermic Reaction Wolfram 1. Adiabatic Case: Use Wolfram to see whether you can find a trajectory that is ready to ignite and whose trajectory looks like a... The leaders power that is based on personal identification, imitation, and charisma is known as ______ power. A VCE with methane destroyed a house structure \(100 \mathrm{ft}\) away from the ignition source. Estimate the amount of methane released. A car rental company owns 100 Chevrolet Cruzes, 50 Toyota Yarises and 50 Ford Focuses. They plan to buy another 50 cars, and owing to new government regulations need to ensure that the average fuel... A land use study at a refinery in Texas finds that 10 percent of the land under consideration is covered by trees, 20 percent has no trees, 34 percent is roads, 7 percent is impervious buildings, and... Food packaging can reduce food spoilage but also has a large environmental impact owing to the nature of the packaging materials. In an effort to reduce the environmental impact of food packaging,... Draw the shear and moment curves for the frame in Figure P10.6. Given: \(E I\) is constant. 10' 10' B 30 kips -14 w = 2 kips/ft + 14'- Compute the reactions and draw the shear and moment curves for the beam in Figure P9.12. \(E\) is constant. w = 4 kN/m 21 6 m- B hinge C +3m+ 18 KN 1 -3m- 6 m D Consider the slipper-pad bearing of Prob. 1023. (a) Generate a characteristic scale for v, the y-component of velocity. (b) Perform an order-of-magnitude analysis to compare the inertial terms to the... A heated 6-mm-thick Pyroceram plate ( = 2600 kg/m 3 , c p = 808 J/kg K, k = 3.98 W/m K, and a = 1.89 10 6 m 2 /s) is being cooled in a room with air temperature of 25C and convection heat transfer... Suppose the pump of Fig. P1419C is situated between two large water tanks with their free surfaces open to the atmosphere. Explain qualitatively what would happen to the pump performance curve if a... From experimental data it is known that at moderate pressures the volumetric equation of state may be written as PV = RT + B P, where the second virial coefficient B is a function of temperature... Analyze the frame in Figure P11.30 by moment distribution. Determine all reactions and draw the shear and moment curves. Sketch the deflected shape. \(E\) is constant and equals 30,000 kips/in. \({... The last section of this chapter describes the sizing of a heat exchanger to cool the neutralized acid stream from 49.9C to 27C using cooling water available at 15C. That calculation assumed an... Using the data on equipment costs given in this chapter or commercial cost-estimating software, estimate the cost of the following equipment: 1. A shell and tube heat exchanger, heat transfer area 50... Using Fig. 15.5, without performing additional calculations, sketch the P-x-y diagram at 400 K showing the two-phase region. Make the sketch semi-quantitative to show the values where the phase... Assume that the flow of air through a given duct is isentropic. At one point in the duct, the pressure and temperature are \(p_{1}=1800 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{2}\) and \(T_{1}=500^{\circ}... Every May 22 I plant one watermelon seed. I water it, I fight slugs, I pray, I watch my beauty grow, and finally the day comes when the melon ripens. I then harvest and feast. Of course, some years... The kinetics of a particular catalytic reaction A R are studied at temperature T in a basket reactor (batch-solids and mixed flow of gas) in which the gas composition is kept unchanged, despite... An iceberg (specific gravity 0.917) floats in the ocean (specific gravity 1.025). What percent of the volume of the iceberg is under water? An element of a balanced orthotropic carbon/epoxy lamina is under the state of stress shown in Figure 2.20. If the properties of the woven carbon fabric/ epoxy material are \(E_{1}=70 \mathrm{GPa},... In the mid-nineteenth century the entomologist Henri Fabre noted that French ants (garden variety) busily bustled about their business on hot days but were rather sluggish on cool days. Checking his... The data in Table P5.28 have been obtained on the decomposition of gaseous reactant A in a constant volume batch reactor at 100C. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 2A R + S. What size plug flow... The aqueous decomposition of A is studied in an experimental mixed flow reactor. The results in Table P5.25 are obtained in steady-state runs. To obtain 75% conversion of reactant in a feed, C A0 =... A support cable in a structure must be 5 m long and must withstand a tensile load of 5 kN with a safety factor of 2.0 against tensile failure. Assuming a solid cylindrical cross section for the cable... Compare the total surface area of a group of N small-diameter spherical particles with that of a single large-diameter spherical particle having the same volume. A divergent-convergent nozzle has the proportions shown in Table 6.1. Air (= 1.40, M= 29.0) enters the nozzle from a reservoir in which the pressure is 20 atm abs and the temperature is 550 K. Plot... A petroleum oil having the properties given in Table 15.3 is to be heated in a horizontal multipass heater with steam at 60 lb /in. 2 gauge. The tubes are to be steel, 3 / 4 -in. OD by BWG 16, and... A vertical tubular condenser is to be used to condense 2,100 kg/h of ethyl alcohol. which enters at atmospheric pressure. Cooling water is to flow through the tubes at an average temperature of 30C.... A process under design requires that \(100 \mathrm{1bmol} / \mathrm{hr}\) of toluene at \(70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) and \(20 \mathrm{psia}\) be brought to \(450^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) and 75 psia.... Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam. It is supported by a smooth plate at A which slides within the groove and so it cannot support a vertical force, although it can support a... An absorption column is fed at the bottom with a gas containing 5 percent benzene and 95 percent air. At the top of the column a nonvolatile absorption oil is introduced, which contains 0.2 percent... Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. The 20-kip load must be replaced by equivalent loadings at point C on the axis of the beam. A 15 kip 11 ft 20 kip 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft B A continuous countercurrent dryer is to be designed to dry 800 lb of wet porous solid per hour from 140 percent moisture to 20 percent, both on the dry basis. Air at 120F dry-bulb and 70F wet-bulb... A steel cantilever beam, possessing a mass of \(0.04 \mathrm{~kg}\) at the free end, is used as a frequency meter. \({ }^{7}\) The beam has a length of \(0.3 \mathrm{~m}\), width of \(6... The spreader beam \(A B\) is used to slowly lift the 3000 -lb pipe that is centrally located on the straps at \(C\) and \(D\). If the beam is a W12 \(\times 45\), determine if it can safely support... The plate is made of material having a modulus of elasticity \(E=200 \mathrm{GPa}\) and Poisson's ratio \(u=\frac{1}{3}\). Determine the change in width \(a\), height \(b\), and thickness \(t\) when... Design the plumbing drainage for the apartment building in Appendix B. Use acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) pipe and tubing for this design problem. Appendix B EAT BEDROOM BEDROOM EAT... Given the Monod equation to represent a microbial fermentation Which of the contacting patterns of Fig. P29.17 could be optimum, and which can never be? By optimum we mean minimizing reactor volume... Can you do better and produce more cells (if so, find C c ) by proper bypass or recycle of fluid from the reactor for the system of problem 2? Data from problem 2 E. coli lives and grows on mannitol... Select the lightest-weight wide-flange overhanging beam from Appendix B that will safely support the loading. Assume the support at \(A\) is a pin and the support at \(B\) is a roller. The allowable... The wooden headframe is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the forces in members \(H I, E D\), and \(E I\). State if the members are in tension or compression. 30 k 25 k 4 ft F E H 8 ft 4 ft D... The 200-kg block \(D\) is dropped from rest at a height \(h=1 \mathrm{~m}\) onto end \(C\) of the A992 steel W200 \(\times 36\) overhang beam. If the spring at \(B\) has a stiffness \(k=200... The reversible liquid-phase reaction A B is carried out in a 12-dm 3 CSTR with heat exchange. Both the entering temperature, T 0 , and the heat exchange fluid, Ta, are at 330 K. An equal molar... The United States produces about 2700 megawatts (MW) of electricity from geothermal energy, which is comparable to burning 60 million barrels of oil each year. Worldwide about 7000 MW of geothermal... Find v 2 in the leaky integrator of Fig. 5-24 with R 1 = R f = 1 k, C = 1 F, and Data from figure 5-24 V: = [1V t> 0 o t <0 The network of Problem 4.18 has been redrawn in Fig. 4-35 for solution by the node voltage method. Obtain node voltages V 1 and V 2 and verify the currents obtained in Problem 4.18. Data from problem... A very proprietary industrial waste reaction, which well code as A B + S, is to be carried out in a 10-dm 3 CSTR followed by a 10-dm 3 PFR. The reaction is elementary, but A, which enters at a... Determine the horizontal and vertical deflection of the hinge at point C C of the arch in Figure P8.16 for a single concentrated load of 60 kips applied at joint B B in the vertical direction. 39... A two-story building frame is modeled as shown in Fig. 5.32. The girders are assumed to be rigid, and the columns have flexural rigidities \(E I_{1}\) and \(E I_{2}\), with negligible masses. The... What is the formal concentration (expressed as mol/L = M) of NaCl when 32.0 g are dissolved in water and diluted to 0.500 L? What is the purpose of the trap in Figure 2-17 and the watchglass in Figure 2-20? Figure 2-17 Figure 2-20 Gooch filter crucible To air -Rubber adaptor -Glass funnel To house vacuum Porous glass Gooch... A 25.00-mL sample containing Fe3 [1] and Cu 2+ required 16.06 mL of 0.050 83 M EDTA for complete titration. A 50.00-mL sample of the unknown was treated with NH4F to protect the Fe 3+ . Then Cu 2+... When 22.63 mL of aqueous NaOH were added to 1.214 g of cyclohexylaminoethanesulfonic acid (FM 207.29, structure in Table 8-2) dissolved in 41.37 mL of water, the pH was 9.24. Calculate the molarity... Convert the following potentials. The Ag | AgCl and calomel reference electrodes are saturated with KCl. (a) 0.523 V versus S.H.E. = ? versus Ag | AgCl (b) -0.111 V versus Ag | AgCl = ? versus S.H.E.... If a sample for spectrophotometric analysis is placed in a 10-cm cell, the absorbance will be 10 times greater than the absorbance in a 1-cm cell. Will the absorbance of the reagent-blank solution...
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